{"id":60,"date":"2016-12-17T04:38:41","date_gmt":"2016-12-17T04:38:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:90\/uel\/?page_id=60"},"modified":"2026-01-12T17:33:17","modified_gmt":"2026-01-12T20:33:17","slug":"articulos-cientificos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/articulos-cientificos\/","title":{"rendered":"Art\u00edculos cient\u00edficos"},"content":{"rendered":"\t
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Publicaciones recientes<\/h3>\n

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2026<\/span>. «Analysis of alternative homologies with parsimony and step-matrix recoding .»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/analisis-de-homologias-alternativas-con-parsimonia\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThis paper describes how prior uncertainty of the homology of different parts of organisms, and therefore of the characters contained in those parts, can be analysed by recoding the set of characters into a complex character. In this complex character, states represent combinations of states and homologies among the original characters, and transformation costs between states are set to values that maximize (weighted) homology. This allows a proper treatment of both the alternative homologies and the inapplicability of the characters contained in parts that can be absent or present. All the methods described are implemented in the program TNT, with a relatively simple syntax. This facilitates the treatment of characters in body parts of uncertain homology, including parts that can appear or disappear making their characters inapplicable. The analyses can also be combined with definitions of other types of dependences (e.g. morphofunctional constraints, inapplicabilities determined from characters outside of the parts of ambiguous homology). Although recoding into combinations of states and homologies allows handling relatively low numbers of characters per part (because of computation time and RAM requirements), TNT also implements options that facilitate creating alternative static alignments, allowing approximate analysis of larger number of characters.\u00bb<\/div>

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Lobo Ter\u00e1n, Carolina, J\u00e9ssica Fratani<\/a>, and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2026<\/span>. «Cranial Asymmetry in Hyloidea (Anura, Neobatrachia): \r\nPatterns of Morphological Variation.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution <\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/?page_id=2399&preview=true<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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de Fran\u00e7a, Tain\u00e1 , Natan Brilhante, Rafael Delcourt, Jo\u00e3o da Silva, Christophe Hendrickx<\/a>, and Manuel Medeiros <\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «A carcharodontosaurid tooth from \u201cBoca de Forno\u201d Ravine of the Itapecuru Formation, Parna\u00edba Basin, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cretaceous Research<\/span>, 175<\/span><\/span>, 106163<\/span>. https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/a-carcharodontosaurid-tooth-from-boca-de-forno-ravine-of-the-itapecuru-formation-parnaiba-basin-maranhao-brazil\/<\/a> (accessed 2025\/09\/16)<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abCarcharodontosauridae forms a clade of medium-to very large-sized (6\u201314 m long) allosauroid theropods mostly restricted to the Early and mid-Cretaceous with an almost global distribution, and characterized by deep and narrow ornamented skulls and strongly compressed ziphodont teeth. In Brazil, the carcharodontosaurid fossil record is limited to shed teeth and isolated postcranial elements from the Aptian-Cenomanian deposits of the eastern part of the country. Here we describe and identify a shed tooth from a little-known outcrop of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Itapecuru Formation of the Maranh\u00e3o State, northeastern Brazil. Although some teeth have already been reported from the Aptian-Albian deposits of this unit, this specimen represents the first isolated dental material from the Parna\u00edba Basin that can be confidently assigned to a carcharodontosaurid through cladistic and morphometric techniques, but also based on a systematic study. The results of the herein conducted study suggest that the specimen belongs to a carcharodontosaurine closely related to the Patagonian taxa Giganotosaurus and Mapusaurus, which are younger in age. Although the specimen is closely related to the abovementioned Patagonian taxa, the faunal composition of the Parna\u00edba Basin seems to be more similar to that of North Africa. Nevertheless, further collecting efforts are needed in these localities to find skeletal carcharodontosaurid remains and to broaden the comparative base for the identification of theropod dentition.\u00bb<\/div>

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Aguilera, Gast\u00f3n<\/a>, Guillermo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, Alejandro M\u00e9ndez L\u00f3pez<\/a>, Montes , and Carvalho <\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «A New Species of the Banjo Catfish Genus Ernstichthys (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Bermejo River Drainage, La Plata Basin, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Ichthyology & Herpetology<\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/a-new-species-of-the-banjo-catfish-genus-ernstichthys-siluriformes-aspredinidae-from-the-bermejo-river-drainage-la-plata-basin-argentina\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abLa cuenca superior del R\u00edo Bermejo alberga una gran diversidad de peces representada por especies end\u00e9micas, fauna compartida entre las cuencas de los r\u00edos Paraguay y Amazonas, y por elementos de la cuenca del R\u00edo Paran\u00e1. En expediciones recientes en la zona, varios espec\u00edmenes de una especie no descripta de Ernstichthys fueron colectados en cuatro localidades distintas en el Noroeste de Argentina, los cuales son descriptos aqu\u00ed. La nueva especie, Ernstichthys casalinuovoi, se distingue de las restantes especies del g\u00e9nero por presentar una combinaci\u00f3n de caracteres que incluyen el n\u00famero de placas laterales en el cuerpo, la forma de la segunda placa anterior a la aleta anal, la presencia de una barbilla rictal, el patr\u00f3n de coloraci\u00f3n, el n\u00famero de v\u00e9rtebras totales, la barbilla maxilar no dividida, y el n\u00famero de ganchos en el margen posterior de la espina de la aleta pectoral. El gran lote utilizado para describir Ernstichthys casalinuovoi nos permiti\u00f3 detectar caracteres que conviene tratar con cuidado en la descripci\u00f3n de especies pertenecientes a Ernstichthys, como el n\u00famero de ganchos en el margen posterior de la espina de la aleta pectoral o la superposici\u00f3n entre elementos \u00f3seos en el ped\u00fanculo caudal, dado que podr\u00edan variar seg\u00fan su ontogenia. Las nuevas especies aqu\u00ed descritas representan la quinta especie del g\u00e9nero y el primer registro de Ernstichthys y Hoplomyzontinae en Argentina.\u00bb<\/div>

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Vaini, Mariana , Katyuscia Araujo-Vieira, Juli\u00e1n Faivovich, Fernando Haddad, and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «A new type of sacroiliac articulation in Anura: Unveiling the anatomical diversity in Scinaxini (Hylidae: Hylinae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Anatomy<\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/a-new-type-of-sacroiliac-articulation-in-anura-unveiling-the-anatomical-diversity-in-scinaxini-hylidae-hylinae\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe sacroiliac articulation in anurans enables locomotion, including burrowing,\r\nswimming, jumping, and walking, by facilitating pelvic rotation and sliding. The hylid\r\ntribe Scinaxini comprises 134 Neotropical treefrogs divided into three genera: Julianus,\r\nOlolygon, and Scinax. The osteological elements of the sacroiliac articulation are well\r\nstudied within the tribe, with Julianus having distinctive sacral diapophyses and\r\nsesamoids. Notably, the species J. camposseabrai has a medially elongated sesamoid,\r\nabout three times its width in length, along with a short sacral diapophysis\u2014a unique\r\ncombination among anurans. However, information on the associated musculature in\r\nthe tribe remains limited, restricting our understanding of this unique morphology.\r\nThis knowledge gap prompted a detailed investigation of the musculature of the\r\nsacroiliac articulation in this clade of treefrogs. We revisited the osteology of the\r\nsacroiliac articulation and described its muscles in nine species of Scinaxini, including\r\nJ. camposseabrai and J. pinimus. Our results showed that the origin and insertion\r\nof the muscles are largely conserved across the tribe, but variations exist in the\r\norientation of the m. coccygeosacralis and the degree of separation between slips of\r\nthe m. iliolumbaris. The species of Julianus have a unique sacroiliac osteo-muscular\r\nconfiguration, particularly J. camposseabrai, which is distinct from any previously\r\ndescribed in anurans.\"\r\n\u00bb<\/div>

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Liu, Jun and N\u00e9stor Fernando Abdala<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Additional material of Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus<\/i> (Therocephalia) from the Lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation, Xinjiang, China.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> The Anatomical Record<\/span>, https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/ar.70039<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA new baurioid therocephalian, Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus, was recently described from the Lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation of Jimusar, Xinjiang, China. Here, two or three newly collected specimens from the same horizon of Turpan, Xinjiang, including a complete skull with lower jaw and partial skeletons, are referred to this species. The new skull is slightly larger than that of the holotype. Histological features, in conjunction with other anatomical characters, indicate known specimens should be early juveniles with an overall rapid osteogenesis and probably less than 1?year old at death. Different from the holotype, the new specimen has six upper incisors, a short diastema between the last incisor and first maxillary tooth, more distinct canines (and canine boss), and 15 dentary teeth. The new finding indicates that reduced size and\/or absence of canine in the juvenile would not be a useful phylogenetic character for therocephalian. The prootics of the new specimen show unreported features from other therocephalians: a prominent medial process (may be present in Olivierosuchus) and strongly folded dorsal margin of the lateral surface. After the description of the new material, the following diagnostic features are proposed for the taxon: maxillary palatal process contacts the premaxillary vomerine process and the vomer; five to six upper incisors. Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus<\/i> is the best known Baurioidea from Pangea North, and although resembling several features to Ericiolacerta parva of Pangea South, it seems quite likely that most of the similarities are related to both taxa being represented by specimens of early ontogenetic age.\u00bb<\/div>

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Gorbatcheva, Varvara, Nikita Zelenkov, and Sara Bertelli<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «An Eocene New World vulture (Aves, Cathartidae) from Mongolia.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Papers in Palaeontology<\/span>, https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/spp2.70041<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abNew World vultures (Aves, Cathartidae) are a group of large diurnal birds of prey, currently restricted to the Americas. The early evolutionary history of New World vultures is poorly known, with the oldest unambiguous members of this phylogenetic lineage having been described from the Eocene of Europe. A single putative cathartid from Asia was mentioned in brief in 1985, but until now remained unillustrated and unstudied. This paper describes for the first time this find, a partial tarsometatarsus from the upper Eocene of the Ergilin Dzo Formation in Eastern Mongolia, as a new taxon Gobicathartes prodigialipes gen. et sp. nov., which is the second oldest known member of this evolutionary lineage. It was a large bird (comparable to the extant King Vulture in size), morphologically most similar to the living non-condor Cathartidae, but clearly distinct from the fossil European forms. It demonstrates the wide Eurasian distribution of members of the New World vulture lineage in the Eocene of Eurasia and supports an out-of-Asia dispersal of ancestral Cathartidae to the Americas.\r\n\u00bb<\/div>

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Barrionuevo, Jos\u00e9 Sebasti\u00e1n<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Back to the water II: Variation in eye and cranial morphology in Telmatobius frogs with different lifestyles.»<\/strong><\/span> Zoology<\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/back-to-the-water-ii-variation-in-eye-and-cranial-morphology-in-telmatobius-frogs-with-different-lifestyles\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abEn las ranas del g\u00e9nero Telmatobius, la transici\u00f3n acu\u00e1tica se asocia a ojos m\u00e1s peque\u00f1os y frontales, y c\u00e1psulas \u00f3ticas mayores, sugiriendo compensaci\u00f3n sensorial\u00bb<\/div>

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Hendrickx, Christophe<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Comment on \u2018Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies of theropod dinosaurs\u2019 by Qiu et al. .<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> National Science Review<\/span>, 12<\/span> (5)<\/span>: https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/comment-on-two-new-compsognathid-like-theropods-show-diversified-predation-strategies-of-theropod-dinosaurs-by-qiu-et-al\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, L Minino, J Faivovich, R Altig, and PHDS Dias<\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Diversidad y desarrollo de la f\u00f3rmula labial en renacuajos.»<\/strong><\/span> Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/diversidad-y-desarrollo-de-la-formula-labial-en-renacuajos\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abRelevamos la distribuci\u00f3n taxon\u00f3mica de una estructura \u00fanica de los renacuajos, los dientes labiales queratinizados del aparato bucal, y discutimos c\u00f3mo los patrones de desarrollo son cruciales para interpretar su diversidad. \u00bb<\/div>

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Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Carolina Mar\u00eda Lobo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, Henrique Silva Guedes Folly<\/a>, Jessica Fratani<\/a>, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Ecomorphology of Anurans: The Challenge of Ecological Categories and Locomotor Modes.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution<\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/ecomorphology-of-anurans-the-challenge-of-ecological-categories-and-locomotor-modes\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abEcomorphology examines how species' morphology adapt to their environments, providing insights into biodiversity and evolution. This field relies on three main components: a morphological matrix, an ecological matrix, and phylogeny. A major challenge in contemporary anuran ecomorphology is constructing the ecological matrix, as categorizing species' ecological roles lacks a standardized methodology, leading to inconsistencies across studies and complicating comparisons. In this study, we discuss the challenges of systematizing criteria for constructing the ecological matrix in anurans. To this end, we conducted a literature search, focusing on studies that consider microhabitats as ecological categories and locomotor abilities, using relevant keywords to the topic. A total of 31 studies from the last 46 years were selected for analysis, and information was extracted on the following aspects: analyzed species; microhabitat and locomotor mode categories; and whether or not own criteria for assigning ecological categories (i.e., microhabitat and locomotor modes) were specified. The analyzed studies reveal a high degree of consistency in the assignment of ecological categories for microhabitat classification but not for locomotor modes designation. The main discrepancies occur in the burrowing and\/or fossorial categories, as well as climbing. Interestingly, these categories appear both as microhabitats and as locomotor modes. Key criteria include direct field observations and assignments based on primary literature sources. The variability in category assignments and data collection criteria underscores the need to develop more standardized protocols for ecological categorization to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of ecomorphological studies.\u00bb<\/div>

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Enriquez, Nathan, Nicolas Campione, Christophe Hendrickx<\/a>, and Phil Bell<\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Epidermal scale growth, allometry and function in non-avian dinosaurs and extant reptiles.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Anatomy<\/span>, 247<\/span> (2)<\/span>: https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/epidermal-scale-growth-allometry-and-function-in-non-avian-dinosaurs-and-extant-reptiles\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abEpidermal scales in sauropsids perform a wide array of biological functions, which can relate to their shape and size. Accordingly, growth-related changes in scale morphology may reflect distinct functions between juvenile and adult individuals, such as use in mating interactions. Such patterns are poorly explored in both extant reptiles and non-avian dinosaurs, limiting functional interpretations. Here, we investigate scale growth in the ornithischian ceratopsid Chasmosaurus belli and hadrosaurid Prosaurolophus maximus by comparing scale morphologies between juveniles and adults of each taxon. Scale shape is generally consistent across growth stages in both taxa, and changes in C. belli feature scale length cannot reject isometry. However, there is a greater increase in C. belli feature scale width. In practical terms, the magnitude of these size differences rejects the hypothesis that feature scale morphology played a role in mating interactions, suggesting instead that their size was largely non-adaptive. To contextualise the patterns in the sampled dinosaurs, we assessed scale growth and allometry using an ecologically diverse sample of eight extant reptile species belonging to Crocodylidae, Scincidae, Elapidae and Pythonidae. While isometry is the overall most frequent pattern of scale growth in our sample of extant reptiles, most species demonstrate positive scale allometry in at least one area of their bodies, which is likely a response to changing body proportions. Scale shapes in the studied extant species, as in both dinosaurs, are largely retained through growth. This study provides the first detailed assessment of skin growth in non-avian dinosaurs, supporting morphological stasis in the growth of most of their scales.\u00bb<\/div>

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Flores, David<\/a>, Valentina Segura<\/a>, and Marcelo S\u00e1nchez Villagra<\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «From womb to maturity: Prenatal and postnatal cranial growth in goat (Capra hircus).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70032<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe skull is a key marker of morphological diversity in terms of ontogeny and phylogeny; however, prenatal growth patterns in mammals remain poorly understood. Changes in skull growth from embryonic to postnatal stages are influenced by multiple factors, including the maturity of offspring at birth within the altricial-precocial continuum, dietary transitions during the postnatal period, and the development of secondary cranial structures such as horns. In this study, we analyzed pre- and postnatal skull growth in goat (Capra hircus) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and linear allometry. Our results indicate that the cranial growth pattern exhibited a developmental shift between the prenatal and postnatal stages in which it deviated from a single continuous trajectory, thus revealing marked differences that became accentuated in adulthood. Prenatal and postnatal ontogenetic allometry differed significantly, with the prenatal phase displaying a comparatively higher growth rate in cranial variables associated with the splanchnocranium and neurocranium. These findings suggest that goats exhibit prenatal and postnatal growth strategies that are consistent with those of precocial mammals. Stage-specific allometric changes in the neurocranium and splanchnocranium align with different functional roles throughout development. The development of horns alters cranial morphology, thereby placing adults in a distinct position within the multivariate morphospace.\u00bb<\/div>

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Flores, David<\/a>, Valentina Segura<\/a>, and Marcelo S\u00e1nchez Villagra<\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «From womb to maturity: Prenatal and postnatal cranial growth in goat (Capra hircus).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70032<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe skull is a key marker of morphological diversity in terms of ontogeny and phylogeny; however, prenatal growth patterns in mammals remain poorly understood. Changes in skull growth from embryonic to postnatal stages are influenced by multiple factors, including the maturity of offspring at birth within the altricial-precocial continuum, dietary transitions during the postnatal period, and the development of secondary cranial structures such as horns. In this study, we analyzed pre- and postnatal skull growth in goat (Capra hircus) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and linear allometry. Our results indicate that the cranial growth pattern exhibited a developmental shift between the prenatal and postnatal stages in which it deviated from a single continuous trajectory, thus revealing marked differences that became accentuated in adulthood. Prenatal and postnatal ontogenetic allometry differed significantly, with the prenatal phase displaying a comparatively higher growth rate in cranial variables associated with the splanchnocranium and neurocranium. These findings suggest that goats exhibit prenatal and postnatal growth strategies that are consistent with those of precocial mammals. Stage-specific allometric changes in the neurocranium and splanchnocranium align with different functional roles throughout development. The development of horns alters cranial morphology, thereby placing adults in a distinct position within the multivariate morphospace.\u00bb<\/div>

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Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Global key areas for anuran tadpole discovery\r\n.»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/global-key-areas-for-anuran-tadpole-discovery\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abConocemos los renacuajos de menos de la mitad de las casi 7800 especies de ranas y sapos. En este trabajo identificamos \u00e1reas prioritarias a nivel global, donde se concentra la mayor diversidad taxon\u00f3mica y putativamente funcional de estas larvas desconocidas, apuntando a investigaciones estrat\u00e9gicas en contextos de conservaci\u00f3n.\u00bb<\/div>

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Silva Guedes Folly, Henrique<\/a>, Jessica Fratani<\/a>, Virginia Abdala, and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2025<\/span>. «Postmetamorphic vertebral development in hylid and leptodactylid frogs: insights into its relationship to modularity and morphological disparity.»<\/strong><\/span> https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/?page_id=2272&preview=true<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abWe used geometric morphometrics to reveal postmetamorphic shifts in vertebral shape, modularity, and disparity in hylid and leptodactylid anurans across ontogeny.\u00bb<\/div>

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Hendrickx, Christophe<\/a>, Thomas Trapman, Simon Wills, Femke Holwerda, Koen Stein, and Oliver Rauhut<\/u><\/span>. 2024<\/span>. «A combined approach to identify isolated theropod teeth from the Cenomanian Kem Kem Group of Morocco: cladistic, discriminant, and machine learning analyses.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology <\/span>, 43<\/span> (4)<\/span>: https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/a-combined-approach-to-identify-isolated-theropod-teeth-from-the-cenomanian-kem-kem-group-of-morocco-cladistic-discriminant-and-machine-learning-analyses\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe Kem Kem Group of Southeastern Morocco, North Africa, is well known for theropod remains, especially isolated teeth. Here, a collection of isolated theropod teeth is assessed for diversity using a combination of linear discriminant, phylogenetic, and machine learning analyses for the first time. The results confirm earlier studies on Kem Kem theropod diversity, with teeth referred to Abelisauridae, Spinosaurinae, and Carcharodontosauridae. A single tooth is ascribed to a non-abelisauroid ceratosaur or a megaraptoran and may represent the enigmatic averostran Deltadromeus. Spinosaurine teeth are clearly differentiated by all three methodologies, whereas abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid teeth could only be distinguished by the machine learning and phylogenetic analyses. This study shows that a combination of independent methods is most effective at providing strong evidence on theropod dental diversity in a particular assemblage, and that cladistic and machine learning analyses are the most reliable approaches to identify isolated dinosaur teeth. The methodology used here is likely to yield results in other dinosaur assemblages where isolated teeth are more abundant than body fossils.\u00bb<\/div>

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Hendrickx, Christophe<\/a>, Thomas Trapman, Simon Wills, Femke Holwerda, Koen Stein, and Oliver Rauhut<\/u><\/span>. 2024<\/span>. «A combined approach to identify isolated theropod teeth from the Cenomanian Kem Kem Group of Morocco: cladistic, discriminant, and machine learning analyses.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology <\/span>, 43<\/span> (4)<\/span>: https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/a-combined-approach-to-identify-isolated-theropod-teeth-from-the-cenomanian-kem-kem-group-of-morocco-cladistic-discriminant-and-machine-learning-analyses\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe Kem Kem Group of Southeastern Morocco, North Africa, is well known for theropod remains, especially isolated teeth. Here, a collection of isolated theropod teeth is assessed for diversity using a combination of linear discriminant, phylogenetic, and machine learning analyses for the first time. The results confirm earlier studies on Kem Kem theropod diversity, with teeth referred to Abelisauridae, Spinosaurinae, and Carcharodontosauridae. A single tooth is ascribed to a non-abelisauroid ceratosaur or a megaraptoran and may represent the enigmatic averostran Deltadromeus. Spinosaurine teeth are clearly differentiated by all three methodologies, whereas abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid teeth could only be distinguished by the machine learning and phylogenetic analyses. This study shows that a combination of independent methods is most effective at providing strong evidence on theropod dental diversity in a particular assemblage, and that cladistic and machine learning analyses are the most reliable approaches to identify isolated dinosaur teeth. The methodology used here is likely to yield results in other dinosaur assemblages where isolated teeth are more abundant than body fossils.\u00bb<\/div>

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Hendrickx, Christophe<\/a>, Mauricio Cerroni, Federico Agnol\u00edn, Santiago Catalano<\/a>, C\u00e1tia Ribeiro, and Rafael Delcourt<\/u><\/span>. 2024<\/span>. «Osteology, relationship, and feeding ecology of the theropod dinosaur Noasaurus leali, from the Late Cretaceous of North-Western Argentina .<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 204<\/span> (4)<\/span>: https:\/\/lillo.org.ar\/uel\/osteology-relationship-and-feeding-ecology-of-the-theropod-dinosaur-noasaurus-leali-from-the-late-cretaceous-of-north-western-argentina\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abNoasaurus leali is a small (~2 m) carnivorous theropod and the nominal genus of the clade Noasauridae, one of the two radiations of abelisauroid ceratosaurs predominantly present in the Southern Hemisphere during the Mesozoic. This eponymous theropod from the Maastrichtian Lecho Formation of Salta, Argentina, is known from an incomplete skeleton of which the strongly curved manual ungual is the most peculiar element. We here provide for the first time a comprehensive description of the holotypic specimens of Noasaurus, whose phylogenetic position was explored using three independent datamatrices on theropod relationships. This species is diagnosed by several apomorphies such as a dorsal ridge in the maxillary fossa, a strongly arched quadrate, a cervical neural arch with anterior epipophyseal prongs, and a manual ungual with a subtriangular flexor fossa delimited by a V-shaped ridge. Results of the phylogenetic analyses recovered Noasaurus closely related to Velocisaurus, Masiakasaurus, and Laevisuchus, which together form a Late Cretaceous radiation of small-bodied noasaurids restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. The peculiar morphology of the lateral dentition and manual unguals suggests that Noasaurus was an opportunistic carnivore feeding on small prey items and a possible piscivore gaffing fish with its specialized hand claws.\u00bb<\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a>, Robin Lyle, and Catherine Sole<\/u><\/span>. 2023<\/span>. «Ekapa<\/i>, a new genus of mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Entypesidae) from South Africa.»<\/strong><\/span> African Invertebrates<\/span>, 64<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201312<\/span>. Sofia<\/span>: Pensoft.net<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA new genus of mygalomorph spider Ekapa gen. nov., is described from South Africa. The new genus was \r\nformed to include the species Hermacha curvipes Purcell, 1902 and Hermacha nigra Tucker, 1917. These \r\nspecies are synonymized based on their somatic similarities, such as fovea shape, cheliceral teeth distribu\u0002tion, ocular pattern, presence of preening combs, and their close geographic distribution. The new genus proposed is distinguished by the presence of a projection in the retroventral side of the palpal tibia in \r\nmales, together with a distinctive copulatory bulb shape; and in females by the shape of their spermathe\u0002cae, with a high base and apical stalks that open into oval apical receptacles.\u00bb<\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2023<\/span>. «A new species of the mygalomorph genus Strophaeus<\/i> Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Barychelidae) from Colombia.»<\/strong><\/span> Arachnology<\/span>, 19<\/span>, 6<\/span><\/span>, 881\u2013884<\/span>. UK<\/span>: British Arachnological Society<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA new species of the poorly known mygalomorph genus Strophaeus Ausserer, 1875 is described. The new species, Strophaeus quillacinga sp. nov., is described from Nari\u00f1o, Colombia. It represents the first record of Strophaeus from Colombia, with the genus previously only known from Peru, Brazil, and Panama. This species can be distinguished from other known female congeners by the presence of a higher number of spines on the rastellum and the abdomen dorsally mottled.\u00bb<\/div>

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Morales, Mart\u00edn<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2023<\/span>. «New TNT routines for parallel computing with MPI.»<\/strong><\/span> MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION<\/span>, 178<\/span>, ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abPhylogenetic inference, which involves time-consuming calculations, is a field where parallelization can speed up the resolution of many problems. TNT (a widely used program for phylogenetic analysis under parsimony) allows parallelization under the PVM system (Parallel Virtual Machine). However, as the basic aspects of the implementation remain unpublished, few studies have taken advantage of the parallelization routines of TNT. In addition, the PVM system is deprecated by many system administrators. One of the most common standards for high performance computing is now MPI (Message Passing Interface). To facilitate the use of the parallel analyses offered by TNT, this paper describes the basic aspects of the implementation, as well as a port of the parallelization interface of TNT into MPI. The use of the new routines is illustrated by reanalysis of seven significant datasets, either recent phylogenomic datasets with many characters (up to 2,509,064 characters) or datasets with large numbers of taxa (up to 13,921 taxa)\u00bb<\/div>

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Sherwood, Danniella , Duniesky R\u00edos-Tamayo<\/a>, Brogan Pett, and Martin Hinchcliffe<\/u><\/span>. 2023<\/span>. «On the specimens of Actinopus<\/i> Perty, 1833 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, with redescriptions, first description of missing sexes, and notes on other taxa (Araneae: Actinopodidae).»<\/strong><\/span> ZooNova<\/span>, 27<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201331<\/span>. UK<\/span>: Afriherp Communications<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe specimens of Actinopus Perty, 1833 deposited at the Natural History Museum, London\r\nare catalogued. Redescriptions of Actinopus crassipes (Keyserling, 1891), A. harti Pocock, \r\n1895, A. liodon (Ausserer, 1875), A. robustus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892), and A. wallacei\r\nF. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 are presented. A lectotype and paralectotypes are designated \r\nfor A. robustus. Miglio et al. (2020) erroneously considered the type specimens of A. harti\r\nand A. liodon to be lost, and further wrongly stated A. liodon would have been deposited in \r\nthe Naturhistorisches Museum Wien when this was never the case. The type series of A. harti\r\ncomprises of a holotype female and numerous paratypes. The male of A. harti is described for \r\nthe first time. Actinopus liodon is represented in the collection by the holotype male and a \r\nnon-type male, and this species, along with A. pindapoy Miglio, P\u00e9rez-Miles & Bonaldo, \r\n2020, is synonymised with A. longipalpis C. L. Koch, 1842 syns nov. The first record of A. \r\nlongipalpis from Paraguay is reported. The holotype of Actinopus luteipes (Keyserling, 1891)\r\nis illustrated, confirmed as an immature female, and is tentatively maintained as a junior \r\nsynonym of A. crassipes. The male of A. trinotatus Mello-Leit\u00e3o, 1938 is described for the \r\nfirst time. Conversely, the female of A. tetymapyta Sherwood & Pett, 2022 is described for \r\nthe first time (on the basis of specimens from the Dr Bohls collection which also contains two \r\nadult males). Actinopus vilhena Miglio, P\u00e9rez-Miles & Bonaldo, 2020 is recorded from the \r\nstate of Mato Grosso, Brazil for the first time. An additional female of A. princeps\r\nChamberlin, 1917 from the previously-reported locality Parque Nacional do Itatiaia is \r\nillustrated. A new species is proposed on the basis of Bolivian material misidentified as A. \r\nwallacei by Miglio et al. (2020), and described in full accordance with Article 13.1.2 of the \r\nInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999).\u00bb<\/div>

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Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Mart\u00edn Morales<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2023<\/span>. «TNT version 1.6, with a graphical interface for MacOS and Linux, including new routines in parallel.»<\/strong><\/span> CLADISTICS (PRINT)<\/span>, 39<\/span><\/span>, 144\u2013153<\/span>. WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA new graphical user interface (GUI) for the parsimony program TNT is presented that works under the Linux and Mac operating systems, as well as the Cygwin environment (which runs under Windows). The new interface is based on the GIMP Tool Kit, GTK (version 3). Formerly, only Windows versions of TNT had a GUI. The new interface improves upon the existing Windows GUI in several respects. These changes, together with several additions to the program since the publication of version 1.5, warrant a change in minor version, thus moving from version 1.5 to 1.6. Among the most notable improvements are the possibility to access graphical user dialogs by means of simple commands, to easily save trees in SVG format (\u201cScalable Vector Graphics\u201d) directly from any tree-diagram being displayed, and to manage analyses in parallel (using multiple processors, by means of the PVM system or \u201cParallel Virtual Machine\u201d), as well as a generally more stable and consistent behaviour. As the binaries for the new version are compiled as native 64-bit applications, this removes the limitations for accessing large amounts of memory in the previous GUI Windows interface (which is a 32-bit application).\u00bb<\/div>

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Goloboff-Szumik, Victoria and Duniesky R\u00edos-Tamayo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2022<\/span>. «Description of the female of Melloina gracilis<\/i> (Schenkel, 1953) (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) with comments on the familial placement of Melloina<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n.s. <\/span>, 24<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 249\u2013255<\/span>. Buenos Aires<\/span>: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales <\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe female of Melloina gracilis (Schenkel, 1953), a species previously known only from males, is de\u0002scribed. This is the second species of the genus known from both sexes. Detailed morphological description and \r\nfigures of the female specimen are presented. A reanalysis of Mori & Bertani, 2020 matrix is done and some com\u0002ments about the familial placement of the genus Melloina Brignoli, 1985 are made. \u00bb<\/div>

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Zonstein, Sergei and Duniesky R\u00edos-Tamayo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2021<\/span>. « Afropesa<\/i>, a new spider genus from South Africa (Araneae: Entypesidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Israel Journal of Entomology<\/span>, 51<\/span><\/span>, 7\u201334<\/span>. Israel<\/span>: Zenodo<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA new mygalomorph spider genus, Afropesa n. gen., is established for three \r\nSouth African species: the type species A. schoutedeni (Benoit, 1965) n. comb., \r\ntransferred here from Entypesa Simon, 1902, and two newly described congeners, \r\nA. gauteng n. sp. and A. schwendingeri n. sp. The new genus differs from other \r\ngenera of the Entypesidae by a unique set of diagnostic characters, including a \r\nflanged embolus and the spermathecae with wide bases and lengthened distal \r\nlobes. The three included species can be distinguished from each other by a shape \r\nof the male tibia and metatarsus I, as well as by the structure of the embolus and \r\nconfiguration of the spermathecae.\u00bb<\/div>

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Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, Jan De Laet, Duniesky R\u00edos-Tamayo<\/a>, and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2021<\/span>. «A reconsideration of inapplicable characters, and a compromise approximation with step-matrix recoding.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201334<\/span>. Willi Hennig Society<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abEvidence for phylogenetic analysis comes in the form of observed similarities, and trees are selected to minimize the number\r\nof similarities that cannot be accounted for by homology (homoplasies). Thus, the classical argument for parsimony directly\r\nlinks homoplasy with explanatory power. When characters are hierarchically related, a first character may represent a primary\r\nstructure such as tail absence\/presence and a secondary (subordinate) character may describe tail colour; this makes tail colour\r\ninapplicable when tail is absent. It has been proposed that such character hierarchies should be evaluated on the same logical\r\nbasis as standard characters, maximizing the number of similarities accounted for by secondary homology, i.e. common ancestry.\r\nPrevious evaluations of the homology of a given ancestral reconstruction contain the unintuitive quantity \u201csubcharacters\u201d (num\u0002ber of regions of applicability). Rather than counting subcharacters, this paper proposes an equivalent but more intuitive formu\u0002lation, based on counting the number of changes into each separate state. In this formulation, x-transformations, the homoplasy\r\nfor the reconstruction is simply the number of changes into the state beyond the first, summed over all states. There is thus no\r\ndirect connection between homoplasy and number of steps, only between homoplasy and extra steps. The link between the two\r\nformulations is that, for any region of applicability of any character, a subcharacter can be interpreted as the change into the\r\nstate that is plesiomorphic in that region. Although some authors have claimed that the equivalence between maximizing\r\nexplanatory power and minimizing independent originations of similar features (i.e. the standard justification of parsimony) does\r\nnot hold for inapplicable characters, evaluating homoplasy with x-transformations clearly connects the two sides of that equa\u0002tion. Furthermore, as the evaluation with x-transformations provides a direct count and a straightforward interpretation of\r\nhomoplasy, it extends naturally into implied weighting, and sheds light on problems with additive, step-matrix or continuous\r\ncharacters. It also allows deriving transformation costs for recoding hierarchies as step-matrix characters (where recoded states\r\ncorrespond to permissible combinations of states in primary and secondary characters), so that homology of the original obser\u0002vations is properly measured. Those transformation costs set the cost of gaining the primary structure to the maximum differ\u0002ence between \u201cpresent\u201d states plus cost of loss, and difference between \u201cpresent\u201d states to the sum of user-defined\r\ntransformation costs between secondary features. With such recoding, invoking multiple independent derivations of the structure\r\nand similar features will cost as many extra \u201csteps\u201d as the instances of similarities (in both original characters) that are not being\r\nhomologized. The step-matrix recoding also can take into account nested dependences. We present a simple convention for nam\u0002ing characters, which TNT can use to automatically convert the original data into a step-matrix form and set the proper trans\u0002formation costs. Finally, the basic elements for handling inapplicable characters in the context of maximum-likelihood inference\r\nare outlined, and some quantitative comparisons between different approaches to inapplicables are provided.\u00bb<\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a>, Ian Engelbrecht, and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2021<\/span>. «A revision of the genus Hermacha<\/i> Simon, 1889 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) in South Africa with revalidation of Hermachola<\/i> Hewitt, 1915 and Brachytheliscus<\/i> Pocock, 1902. .»<\/strong><\/span> Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History<\/span>, 3977<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201380<\/span>. New York<\/span>: American Museum of Natural History<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe southern African species of the mygalomorph spider genus Hermacha Simon, 1889, are \r\nrevised. Eight species are redescribed: H. brevicauda Purcell, 1903; H. caudata Simon, 1889; H. \r\nevanescens Purcell, 1903; H. fulva Tucker, 1917; H. lanata Purcell, 1902; H. nigrispinosa Tucker, \r\n1917; H. sericea Purcell, 1902; and H. tuckeri Raven, 1985. The female of H. sericea and the male \r\nof H. evanescens are described for the first time. Three new species are described: H. septemtrio\u0002nalis, sp. nov., H. maraisae, sp. nov., and H. montana, sp. nov. On the basis of their genital mor\u0002phology H. curvipes Purcell, 1902, and H. nigra Tucker, 1917, are considered incertae sedis. \r\nPionothele capensis Zonstein, 2016, was found to be conspecific with H. brevicauda and is synony\u0002mized. The genera Brachytheliscus Pocock, 1902, and Hermachola Hewitt, 1915, are revalidated \r\nand redescribed. Hermacha capensis (Ausserer, 1871) and H. crudeni Hewitt, 1913, are transferred \r\nto Hermachola. Hermachola crudeni (Hewitt, 1913), originally described from a female, and Her\u0002machola grahami Hewitt, 1915, originally described from a male, were found to be conspecific \r\nand synonymized. A new species, Hermachola lyleae, sp. nov., is also described. New morphologi\u0002cal characters for the diagnoses of these genera and a dichotomous key for all species considered \r\nhere are provided. Known distributions are mapped and, where available, ecological data are \r\nincluded. With the exception of H. caudata and H. mazoena Hewitt, 1915, all species are endemic to South Africa, but further survey work in neighboring countries is needed. This work substan\u0002tially improves the taxonomy of this group of spiders and provides a foundation for further \r\ninvestigation of the diversity and relationships of species within the region.\u00bb<\/div>

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Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Mart\u00edn Morales<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2020<\/span>. «A phylogenetic C interpreter for TNT.»<\/strong><\/span> BIOINFORMATICS<\/span>, 36<\/span><\/span>, 3988\u20133995<\/span>. OXFORD UNIV PRESS<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abMotivation: TNT (a widely used program for phylogenetic analysis) includes an interpreter for a scripting language, but that implementation is nonstandard and uses several conventions of its own. This article describes the implementation and basic usage of a C interpreter (with all the ISO essentials) now included in TNT. A phylogenetic library includes functions that can be used for manipulating trees and data, as well as other phylogeny-specific tasks. This greatly extends the capabilities of TNT.\u00bb<\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a> and Robin Lyle<\/u><\/span>. 2020<\/span>. «The South African genus Lepthercus<\/i> Purcell, 1902 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae): phylogeny and taxonomy. .»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 4766<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 261\u2013305<\/span>. Australia<\/span>: Magnolia Press<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abAfter more than a century, the genus Lepthercus Purcell, 1902 is revised. Lepthercus dregei Purcell, 1902 and L. rattrayi Hewitt, 1917 are redescribed; with the female of L. dregei described for the first time. Nine new species of Lepthercus are described. A phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters using implied weights and parsimony as optimality criteria, suggests the separation of the genus in two clades. The first clade is formed by L. dippenaarae sp. nov., L. engelbrechti sp. nov., L. haddadi sp. nov., L. rattrayi Hewitt, 1917 and L. sofiae sp. nov., here denominated \u201cGroup haddadi\u201d. The species L. confusus sp. nov., Lepthercus dregei Purcell, 1902, Lepthercus filmeri sp. nov., Lepthercus kwazuluensis sp. nov., Lepthercus lawrencei sp. nov. and Lepthercus mandelai sp. nov., form the second clade, here denominated \u201cGroup dregei\u201d. The \u201cGroup haddadi\u201d is characterized by males with a curved metatarsus I, and a swollen tibia I. The \u201cGroup dregei\u201d is supported by the presence of small maxillary cuspules in males. A new diagnosis is provided for Lepthercus as well as an identification key for all species of the genus. New distribution maps for the genus in the country are also presented.\u00bb<\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2020<\/span>. «Three new species of Euathlus<\/i> Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Argentina. .»<\/strong><\/span> STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT<\/span>, 50<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 83\u201395<\/span>. UK<\/span>: Taylor & Francis Group<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abEuathlus Ausserer, 1875 is a South American genus of spiders of the family Theraphosidae known\r\nfrom Chile and Argentina. Three new species from Argentina: Euathlus mauryi sp. n. (from San\r\nJuan province), Euathlus grismadoi sp. n. (from La Rioja province), and Euathlus pampa sp. n. (from\r\nSalta province) are described here. New records of the previous species Euathlus diamante and\r\nEuathlus tenebrarum are contributed. The distribution of these new species expands the geogra\u0002phical distribution of the genus along the Andean hills, with Salta province as the northernmost\r\nrecord of the genus. A key is provided for identification of Euathlus species as well as a map with\r\nall the records in Argentina\u00bb<\/div>

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Ter\u00e1n, Guillermo<\/a>, Felipe Alonso, Gaston Aguilera, Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a>, and Gustavo Ballen<\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «A new species of Farlowella <\/i> (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Bermejo River, La Plata River basin, northwestern Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Neotropical Ichthyology<\/span>, 2<\/span> (17)<\/span><\/span>: 1\u20138<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA new species of Farlowella is described from the Bermejo River basin, in Salta and Jujuy provinces, northwestern Argentina. The new species belongs to the Farlowella nattereri species group. The new species is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: marbled rostrum, five rows of lateral plates series, relatively short snout (snoutmouth length less than 50.0% of head length), complete half-moon shaped spot on caudal fin, and short predorsal distance (37.8-41.8% of standard length).\u00bb<\/div>

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Amador, Lucila<\/a>, Nancy Simmons, and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «Aerodynamic reconstruction of the primitive fossil bat Onychonycteris finneyi<\/i> (Mammalia: Chiroptera).»<\/strong><\/span> Biology Letters<\/span>, 15<\/span><\/span>, 1\u20135<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Alonso, Felipe, Guillermo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, Gaston Aguilera<\/a>, Old?ich ?\u00ed?an, Jorge Casciotta, Wilson Serra, Adriana Almir\u00f3n, Mauricio Benitez, Ignacio Garcia, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «Description of a new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus<\/i> Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the Middle Paran\u00e1 basin, Misiones, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> PLoS<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201319<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abGymnogeophagus jaryi, new species, is described from Southern tributaries of the Middle Paran\u00e1 basin in Misiones. It can be distinguished from all other members of the genus, except from G. australis and G. caaguazuensis, by the presence of a hyaline to grey anterior portion of the dorsal fin. Gymnogeophagus jaryi differs from G. caaguazuensis by a longer caudal peduncle, caudal fin not lyrate, central portion of scales on dorsal portion of trunk light iridescent blue and by white spots in soft portion of dorsal fin in adult males, and from G. australis by the light iridescent blue coloration of central portion of scales on the dorsal portion of trunk and tail, and by the lack of scales on the soft portion of the dorsal fin. Additionally, it can be diagnosed by the following unique combination of characters: 10\u201311 dorsal-fin branched rays, 27\u201330 E1 scales, absence of lips thickening, and, in males, by the possession of a hump in adults, caudal fin not lyrate, presence of large white spots forming transversal stripes distally and in anterior area of the dorsal fin\u2019s soft portion, central area of scales on the dorsal portion of the trunk light iridescent blue, lack of scales on the base of the dorsal fin\u2019s soft portion, absence of a conspicuous and oblique dark band from the eye to the anterior border of the head, anterior portion of dorsal fin hyaline to grey, scales of the midlateral spot each bearing a semicircular light blue blotch, head hump starting at the horizontal through the eyes, concave anterior profile in lateral view, base of unpaired fins yellow, and whitish hyaline spots on caudal fin. The new species, based on mtDNA phylogeny, is the sister species of G. caaguazuensis from the Paraguay basin and is closely related to G. australis.\u00bb<\/div>

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Amador, Lucila<\/a>, Francisca Almeida, and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «Evolution of Traditional Aerodynamic Variables in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) within a Comprehensive Phylogenetic Framework.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Mammalian Evolution<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201313<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «Four new species of Actinopus<\/i> (Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae) from Uruguay.»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 4624<\/span> (4)<\/span><\/span>: 523\u2013538<\/span>. Magnolia Press<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abActinopus specimens from different localities in Uruguay that did not match any of the previously species present in the country were examined, and four new species are described: A. coboi sp. nov., from Colonia province; A. fernandezi sp. nov., from Salto province; A. simoi sp. nov., from Maldonado province; and A. uruguayense sp. nov., from Colonia and Cerro Largo provinces. The record of the species A. longipalpis for Montevideo is rejected and A. liodon is considered \u201cspecies inquirenda\u201d. Actinopus coboi has spermathecae with an apical lobe diagonally directed; A. fernandezi is characterized by a stylized copulatory bulb and its greater number of retrolateral thorns on tibia II. Actinopus simoi can be distinguished from A. uruguayense by its carapace with a dark coloration; a reddish coloration in the palpal tibia and the shape of its spermathecae and copulatory bulb. With the presence of the Argentinian species\u2014A. gerschiapelliarum, A. puelche and A. insignis\u2014the number of species known in the country is increased to nine. All new species are diagnosed \r\nand illustrated; a dichotomous key to all species of Actinopus from Uruguay is also provided \u00bb<\/div>

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Ferretti, Nelson, Duniesky R\u00edos-Tamayo<\/a>, and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «Four new species of\u00a0Goloboffia<\/i>\u00a0(Mygalomorphae: Migidae) from Chile.\u00a0.»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 4712<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 251\u2013268<\/span>. Australia<\/span>: Magnolia Press<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe spider family Migidae Simon, 1889 is represented in Chile by three genera: Calathotarsus<\/i> Simon, 1903, Mallecomigas<\/i> Goloboff & Platnick, 1987 and Goloboffia<\/i> Griswold & Ledford, 2001. In the present study, four new species of Goloboffia<\/i> from Chile are described, increasing the known diversity and geographic distribution of the genus. Goloboffia megadeth<\/i> sp. nov. and G. pachelbeli<\/i> sp. nov., are described based on males and females; Goloboffia griswoldi<\/i> sp. nov. and G. biberi<\/i> sp. nov. are known only by females.\u00bb<\/div>

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Duport Bru, Ana<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «Postmetamorphic ontogenetic allometry and the evolution of skull shape in Nest?building frogs Leptodactylus<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Evolution & Development<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abAllometry constitutes an important source of morphological variation. However, its influence in head development in anurans has been poorly explored. By using geometric morphometrics followed by statistical and comparative methods we analyzed patterns of allometric change during cranial postmetamorphic ontogeny in species of Nest?building frogs Leptodactylus<\/i> (Leptodactylidae). We found that the anuran skull is not a static structure, and allometry plays an important role in defining its shape in this group. Similar to other groups with biphasic life?cycle, and following a general trend in vertebrates, ontogenetic changes mostly involve rearrangement in rostral, otoccipital, and suspensorium regions. Ontogenetic transformations are paralleled by shape changes associated with evolutionary change in size, such\r\nthat the skulls of species of different intrageneric groups are scaled to each other, and small and large species show patterns of paedomorphic\/peramorphic features, respectively. Allometric trajectories producing those phenotypes are highly evolvable though, with shape change direction and magnitude varying widely among clades, and irrespective of changes in absolute body size. These results reinforce the importance of large?scale comparisons of growth patterns to understand the plasticity, evolution, and polarity of morphological changes in different clades.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Virginia, Miriam Vera<\/a>, Lucila Amador<\/a>, Gabriela Fontanarrosa, Jessica Fratani<\/a>, and Mar\u00eda Ponssa<\/u><\/span>. 2019<\/span>. «Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies.»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Reviews<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Alonso, Felipe, Guillermo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, Pablo Calvi\u00f1o, Ignacio Garcia, Cardozo Yamila, and Garc\u00eda Graciela<\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «An endangered new species of seasonal killifish of the genus Austrolebias<\/i> (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei) from the Bermejo river basin in the Western Chacoan Region.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> PLoS one<\/span>, 13<\/span>, 5<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201320<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abAustrolebias wichi, new species, is herein described from seasonal ponds of the Bermejo river basin in the Western Chacoan district in northwestern Argentina. This species was found in a single pond, a paleochannel of the Bermejo River, which is seriously disturbed by soybean plantations surrounding it. Despite intensive sampling in the area, this species was only registered in this pond where it was relatively scarce. Therefore, we consider this species as critically endangered. This species is the sister species of A. patriciae in our phylogenetic analyses and is similar, in a general external aspect, to A. varzeae and A. carvalhoi. It can be distinguished among the species of Austrolebias by its unique color pattern in males. Additionally, from A. varzeae by presenting a supraorbital band equal or longer than the infraorbital band (vs. shorter) and from A. patriciae by the convex dorsal profile of head (vs. concave). Further diagnostic characters and additional comments on its ecology and reproduction are provided.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vicente, Natalin<\/a> and Monique Halloy<\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «El auto-reconocimiento qu\u00edmico en Liolaemus pacha<\/i> (Iguania: Liolaemidae) est\u00e1 influenciado por la estaci\u00f3n.»<\/strong><\/span> Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda<\/span>, 32<\/span>, http:\/\/ppct.caicyt.gov.ar\/index.php\/cuadherpetol\/article\/view\/9774\/10937<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Moyers Ar\u00e9valo, Reyna, Lucila Amador<\/a>, Francisca Almeida, and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Evolution of Body Mass in Bats: Insights from a Large Supermatrix Phylogeny.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Mammalian Evolution<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201316<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Nadra, Mar\u00eda <\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Evolution of pollination by frugivorous birds in Neotropical Myrtaceae.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> 6<\/span><\/span>, 1<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abBird pollination is relatively common in the tropics, and especially in the Americas.\r\nIn the predominantly Neotropical tribe Myrteae (Myrtaceae), species of two genera,\r\nAcca and Myrrhinium, offer fleshy, sugary petals to the consumption of birds that\r\notherwise eat fruits, thus pollinating the plants in an unusual plant-animal interaction.\r\nThe phylogenetic position of these genera has been problematic, and therefore, so was\r\nthe understanding of the evolution of this interaction. Here we include new sequences\r\nof Myrrhinium atropurpureum in a comprehensive molecular phylogeny based on a\r\nbalanced sample of two plastid and two nuclear markers, with the aim of providing\r\nthe historical framework of pollination by frugivorous birds in Myrteae. We developed\r\n13 flower and inflorescence characters that comprehensively depict the macroscopic\r\nmorphological components of this interaction. Bayesian and parsimony phylogenies\r\nconcur in placing both Acca and Myrrhinium in a clade with Psidium species; with\r\nMyrrhinium sister to Psidium. Mapping of morphological characters indicated some\r\ndegree of convergence (e.g., fleshy petals, purplish display) but also considerable\r\ndivergence in key characters that point to rather opposing pollination strategies and\r\nalso different degrees of specialization in Acca versus Myrrhinium. Pollination by\r\nfrugivorous birds represents a special case of mutualism that highlights the evolutionary\r\ncomplexities of plant-animal interactions.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vicente, Natalin<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Headbob displays signal sex, social context and species identity in a Liolaemus<\/i> lizard.»<\/strong><\/span> Amphibia-Reptilia<\/span>, 39<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Amador, Lucila<\/a>, Norberto Giannini<\/a>, Nancy Simmons, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera).»<\/strong><\/span> American Museum Novitates<\/span>, 3905<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201338<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, Ambrosio Torres Galvis<\/a>, and J. Salvador Arias<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Parsimony and model-based phylogenetic methods for morphological data: comments on O'Reilly et al.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Palaeontology<\/span>, 61<\/span> (4)<\/span><\/span>: 625\u2013630<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

De Mendoza, Ricardo and Nadia Haidr<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Predation Trace Fossils in a New Specimen of Cayaoa bruneti Tonni (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Gaiman Formation (Early Miocene, Chubut, Argentina).»<\/strong><\/span> Ameghiniana<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Taxonomic revision and morphology of the trapdoor spider genus Actinopus<\/i> (Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae) in Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History<\/span>, 419<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201383<\/span>. New York<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe genus Actinopus Perty, 1833, is revised for Argentina, comprising a total of 23 species. The \r\nfemale of A. insignis (Holmberg, 1881) is described for the first time; the species is found in northern \r\nBuenos Aires, southern Santa Fe, and Uruguay. The female of A. longipalpis (Koch, 1842), previously \r\nknown only from the male type from Uruguay, is described for the first time, and the species is newly \r\ncited for Argentina (Entre R\u00edos). Twenty new species are recognized, described and illustrated. Thir\u0002teen of the new species are based on males and females (A. reycali, sp. nov., from Jujuy and Salta; A. \r\nclavero, sp. nov., from C\u00f3rdoba; A. szumikae, sp. nov., from C\u00f3rdoba, southern Buenos Aires, Santa \r\nFe and Corrientes; A. coylei, sp. nov., from Salta and Santiago del Estero, A. argenteus, sp. nov., from \r\nSantiago del Estero, C\u00f3rdoba and Catamarca, A. ramirezi, sp. nov., from Misiones, A. patagonia, sp. \r\nnov., from Chubut, La Pampa, R\u00edo Negro and southern Buenos Aires, A. gerschiapelliarum, sp. nov., \r\nfrom C\u00f3rdoba, northern Buenos Aires, southern Santa Fe, northern La Pampa and Canelones in \r\nUruguay, A. pampa, sp. nov., from La Pampa, A. septemtrionalis, sp. nov., from Salta, Tucum\u00e1n, \r\nCatamarca, and Formosa, A. taragui, sp. nov., from Corrientes, Chaco, and Misiones, A. excavatus, \r\nsp. nov., from C\u00f3rdoba, A. casuhati, sp. nov., from southern Buenos Aires). Only one of the new \r\nspecies described is based on females only (A. indiamuerta, sp. nov., from Tucum\u00e1n); and the \r\nremaining six on males (A. puelche, sp. nov., from southern Buenos Aires and Uruguay, A. cordo\u0002bensis, sp. nov., from San Luis and C\u00f3rdoba, A. magnus, sp. nov., from C\u00f3rdoba, A. ariasi, sp. nov., \r\nfrom Formosa, A. palmar, sp. nov., from Entre R\u00edos, and A. balcarce, sp. nov., from southern Buenos \r\nAires). New morphological characters that can help solve phylogenetic relationships within the \r\ngenus are described. A dichotomous key for all the species from Argentina is provided, as well as \r\nmaps of the known geographic distribution for all the species. Three of the species treated here (A. \r\ngerschiapelliarum, A. puelche, and A. insignis) are recorded also for Uruguay. \u00bb<\/div>

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Ferretti, Nelson, Patricio Carvallo, Juan Chaparro, Jos\u00e9 Ochoa, Duniesky R\u00edos-Tamayo<\/a>, Tracie Seimon, and Rick West<\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «The Neotropical genus Hapalotremus<\/i> Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with the description of seven new species and the highest altitude record for the family.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Natural History<\/span>, 52<\/span> (29-30)<\/span><\/span>: 1927\u20131984<\/span>. UK<\/span>: Taylor & Francis Group<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abNew specimens of the genus Hapalotremus (Theraphosinae) are\r\nrevised based on the examination of types and additional material\r\ncollected in Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. A new generic diagnosis is\r\nproposed. New information and illustrations are provided for\r\nknown species and seven new species were recognized and are\r\nnewly described and illustrated. Hence, Hapalotremus comprises\r\n10 valid species, distributed along the Andes and Yungas in wes\u0002tern South America. All species are keyed and mapped. New\r\ntaxonomic features are included in the descriptions and the detail\r\nof embolus keels morphology and positions are described for the\r\nfirst time for the genus. Information on species habitat is included.\r\nThe highest altitude record for a Theraphosidae spider, living at\r\n4524 m above sea level, is reported.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, Ambrosio Torres Galvis<\/a>, and J. Salvador Arias<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2018<\/span>. «Weighted parsimony outperforms other methods of phylogenetic inference under models appropriate for morphology.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 34<\/span> (4)<\/span><\/span>: 407\u2013437<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abOne of the lasting controversies in phylogenetic inference is the degree to which specific evolutionary models should influence the choice of methods. Model-based approaches to phylogenetic inference (likelihood, Bayesian) are defended on the premise that without explicit statistical models there is no science, and parsimony is defended on the grounds that it provides the best rationalization of the data, while refraining from assigning specific probabilities to trees or character-state reconstructions. Authors who favour model-based approaches often focus on the statistical properties of the methods and models themselves, but this is of only limited use in deciding the best method for phylogenetic inference\u2014such decision also requires considering the conditions of evolution that prevail in nature. Another approach is to compare the performance of parsimony and model-based methods in simulations, which traditionally have been used to defend the use of models of evolution for DNA sequences. Some recent papers, however, have promoted the use of model-based approaches to phylogenetic inference for discrete morphological data as well. These papers simulated data under models already known to be unfavourable to parsimony, and modelled morphological evolution as if it evolved just like DNA, with probabilities of change for all characters changing in concert along tree branches. The present paper discusses these issues, showing that under reasonable and less restrictive models of evolution for discrete characters, equally weighted parsimony performs as well or better than model-based methods, and that parsimony under implied weights clearly outperforms all other methods.\r\n\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Cristian <\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «35 years later\u2026 rediscovery of Liolaemus rabinoi<\/i> (Iguania: Liolaemidae). redescription, biological and phylogenetic information and conservation challenges.»<\/strong><\/span> Salamandra<\/span>, 35<\/span><\/span>, 114\u2013125<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Benitez, Mauricio, Guillermo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, Felipe Alonso, Gaston Aguilera<\/a>, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Cetopsorhamdia iheringi<\/i> (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae): a new record for the freshwater ichthyofauna of Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s.<\/span>, 19<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 113\u2013119<\/span>. Buenos Aires<\/span>: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abCetopsorhamdia iheringi<\/i> (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae): a new record for the freshwater ichthyofauna of Argentina\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ohara, Willian, Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a>, and Fl\u00e1vio Lima<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Phycocharax rasbora<\/i>, a new genus and species of Brazilian tetra (Characiformes: Characidae) from Serra do Cachimbo, Rio Tapaj\u00f3s basin.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> PLoS ONE<\/span>, 12<\/span> (2)<\/span>: e0170648<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Vilchura calderoni<\/i>, a new genus and species of Euagrinae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae) from Chile\r\n.»<\/strong><\/span> Arachnology<\/span>, 17<\/span><\/span>, 183\u2013187<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA new genus of the subfamily Euagrinae is described from Chile, Vilchura calderoni<\/i> gen. et sp. nov. this is the second euagrine genus described for South America. The genus is distinguished from other euagrine genera by its short and recurved fovea, the presence of a megaspine on both male tibiae I and II, and the female spermathecae divided into 2\u20133 lobes.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Haidr, Nadia<\/a> and Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «A new penguin cranium from Antarctica and its implications for body size diversity during the Eocene.»<\/strong><\/span> Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie - Abhandlungen<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Ter\u00e1n, Guillermo<\/a>, Cristina But\u00ed<\/a>, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «A new species of Astyanax<\/i> (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from the headwaters of the arheic R\u00edo Sucuma, Catamarca, northwestern Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Neotropical Ichthyology<\/span>, 15<\/span> (2)<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA new species of Astyanax<\/i> is described from the arheic system of R\u00edo Sucuma, in Catamarca, northwestern Argentina. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters including the presence of a broad vertical humeral spot, absence of maxillary teeth, and absence of circuli in posterior field of scales. Furthermore, this species is distinguished by the orbital diameter, head length, branched anal-fin rays, perforated lateral-line scales, transverse scales, dentary teeth with abrupt decrease in size. This species is, to date, the single known fish endemic of R\u00edo Sucuma basin.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Aguilera, Gaston<\/a>, Mauricio Benitez, Guillermo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, Felipe Alonso, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «A new species of Heptapterus<\/i> Bleeker 1858 (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from the Uruguay River basin in Misiones, northeastern Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 4299 <\/span>, 4<\/span><\/span>, 572\u2013580<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abIn this paper we describe Heptapterus mandimbusu<\/i> sp. n., a new species of heptapterid catfish from a small tributary of the Uruguay River Basin in Misiones-Argentina. This new species is distinguished from all other congeners by the unique coloration pattern with aggregated melanophores scattered on dorsal and lateral surface of body, forming conspicuous size-variable blotches, and the combination of a long interdorsal distance (13.8\u201318.9 % SL), 14\u201318 anal-fin rays, short maxillary barbels (52.2\u201374.5 % HL), and the adipose fin confluent with caudal fin.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Navarro Acosta, G. and Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Alometr\u00eda y heterocron\u00edas durante el desarrollo temprano de cinco especies de Hypsiboas<\/i> (Anura: Hylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda<\/span>, 31<\/span><\/span>, 11\u201322<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Arias, J. Salvador<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «An event model for phylogenetic biogeography using explicitly geographical ranges.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Biogeography<\/span>, 44<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201311<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abAim: To develop and implement a method for phylogenetic biogeography that is both event based and geographically explicit, that is, that uses the geographical ranges observed in the terminals instead of \u2018predefined areas.\u2019\r\nMethods: The method, GEM (Geographically explicit Event Model), attributes vicariance, sympatry (range copying), point sympatry (subset sympatry) or founder events, to the internal nodes of the tree. The cost of a reconstruction is calculated as the event cost plus the amount of range changes along a branch, and the best reconstruction is the combination of the event and range assignments that minimize the cost.\r\nResults: The approach was implemented in a computer program, evs, using a geographical data model (a raster) in which range changes were measured by pixel counts. The program can be used in real-sized datasets, using an heuristic to find reasonable solutions in short times.\r\nMain conclusion: GEM provides a method for direct analysis of joint data on phylogeny and explicit distribution ranges, and proposes both the ancestral ranges and the biogeographical events connected with cladogenesis.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Strelin, Marina, Federico Sazatornil, Santago Benitez-Vieyra, and Mariano Ordano<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Bee, hummingbird or mixed pollinated Salvia<\/i> species mirror pathways to pollination optimization: a morphometric analysis based on the Pareto front concept.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Botany<\/span>, 95<\/span> (2)<\/span><\/span>: 139\u2013146<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Koerber, Stefan, Thomaz Litz, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «CLOFFAR \u2013 update 3 \u2013 supplement to Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of Argentina<\/i>.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Ichthyological Contributions of Peces Criollos<\/span>, 47<\/span><\/span>, 1\u20139<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Mirande, Juan Marcos<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Combined phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and the use of morphological characters in large-scale analyses.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 33<\/span> (4)<\/span><\/span>: 333\u2013350<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Reyes, Adriana, Daniel Rodr\u00edguez, Nicol\u00e1s Reyes-Amaya<\/a>, Daniela Rodr\u00edguez-Castro, Hector Restrepo, and Marcos Urquijo<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Comparative efficiency of photographs and videos for individual identification of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus<\/i>) in camera trapping.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Therya<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abIdentification of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus<\/i>) specimens is essential for obtaining demographic estimates of their populations. Camera traps are a noninvasive tool that allows such identification. The efficiency of using photographic or video records for identifying specimens of this species in a wild population in Colombia was compared. A total of 18 camera traps were operated from November 2011 through November 2013; each sample station included a single camera at 0.6 m height, with a bait placed 2 m in front of it at 1.5 m height. Four key external morphological features were chosen for identifying the specimens: presence, shape and colour of facial; presence, shape and colour of pectoral markings; estimated body size; and sex. For each recording event, a visual file (photograph or video) was scored as \u201cgood\u201d if it showed at least three key identification features, thus allowing the correct identification of the specimen; or as \u201cbad\u201d \u00eff it showed fewer than three features, making identification impossible. Successful recording events were those that included at least one good visual file (photograph or video). A total of 4,588 visual files were obtained: 4,324 photographs in 325 recording events and 264 videos in 260 recording events. 5.25% of the photographs and 53.03% of the videos were scored as good files. 26.77% of the photograph-based and 49.62% of the video-based recording events were successful. There were statistically significant differences between the percentage of good photographs and good videos obtained every time a camera trap was activated in the presence of a bear (Mann-Whitney, P = 1.37E-11). The low percentage of successful recording events obtained with photographs (26.77%) compared to that obtained with videos (50.38%), is consistent with results previously reported for this same species in Ecuador using photographs (25%). The higher percentage of good videos (53.03%) compared to that of good photographs (5.25%), is consistent with the statistically significant difference found between the percentage of good photos and good videos obtained every time a camera trap was activated in the presence of a bear (Mann-Whitney, P = 1.37E-11), and with results previously reported for the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus<\/i>, 70%) using sample stations including a single camera trap with video format. The use of video for recording Andean bear specimens allows the observation of individuals from different viewpoints and distances, even with the use of sample stations including a single camera trap, thus minimizing the effect of light reflection on the recognition of key identification features. Additionally, the video format allowed recognition of particular physical conditions, such as limp or rigid limbs in some specimens, which cannot be recognized in photographs. In this study case, information obtained with video records provides a greater ability to recognize individual marks in the specimens and to identify them.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, J. Salvador Arias<\/a>, and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Comparing tree shapes: beyond symmetry.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zoologica Scripta<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThis paper describes two types of problems related to tree shapes, as well as algorithms that can be used to solve these problems. The first problem is that of comparing the similarity of the unlabelled shapes instead of merely their degree of balance, in a manner analogous to that routinely used to compare topologies for labelled trees. There are possible practical applications for this comparison, such as determining, based on tree shape similarity alone, whether the taxa in two phylogenies are likely to have a correspondence (e.g. hosts and parasites with high specificity). It is shown that tree balance is insufficient for this task and that standard measures of topological difference (Robinson-Foulds distances, SPR distances or retention indices of the matrices representing the trees, MRPs) can be easily adapted to the problem. The second type of problem is to determine whether taxa of uncertain matching unique to two different phylogenies could correspond to each other (e.g. the same species in larvae and adults of metamorphic animals, fossils known from different body parts). This second problem can be solved by either relabelling taxa in such a way that the number of consensus nodes is maximized, or relabelling taxa in such a way that the sum of the number of steps in the MRP of each tree mapped onto the other is minimum.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, A. Haas, R. Altig, and O. Peixoto<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Cranial anatomy of the amazing bromeliad tadpoles of Phyllodytes gyrinaethes<\/i> (Hylidae: Lophyohylini), with comments about other gastromyzophorous larvae.»<\/strong><\/span> Zoomorphology<\/span>, 136<\/span><\/span>, 61\u201373<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

\u00c1lvarez, Alicia, Leticia Moyers<\/a>, and Diego Verzi<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Diversification patterns and size evolution in caviomorph rodents.»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 121<\/span><\/span>, 907\u2013922<\/span>. London<\/span>: The Linnean Society of London<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abCaviomorph rodents are one of the most diverse mammalian groups in the Neotropics; they display astonishing eco-morphological variation, including unparalleled size range. Here we analyse evolutionary patterns among extant caviomorphs, particularly their rates of diversification and size evolution. The results show large heterogeneity in the evolutionary dynamics of caviomorphs. Three clear episodes of rapid increase of the diversification rate were detected; two of them during the Oligocene were related to the diversification of major clades; a third one, in the late Miocene, was related to the diversification of the genus Ctenomys<\/i>. Regarding size, relatively low rates characterized much of Octodontoidea, the most speciose among the main caviomorph clades. Other clades, especially Cavioidea and Chinchilloidea, showed much accelerated evolutionary rates and the highest number of size changes, particularly increases; furthermore, they include extinct representatives that reached very large to gigantic size. Thus, although the macroevolutionary dynamics of caviomorphs were complex and heterogeneous in our study, the pathways followed by different clades seem to display their own particular characteristics. This should be analysed in greater depth through new, greater scale analyses incorporating the rich fossil record of caviomorphs, which contributes essential information to understand the evolution of these peculiar rodents.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Miriam Vera<\/a>, J\u00e9ssica Fratani<\/a>, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «El movimiento como agente epigen\u00e9tico.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En I Taller de Morfolog\u00eda de Vertebrados<\/span>, 1<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 381\u2013400<\/span>. Mar del Plata<\/span>: Argentina: EUDEM<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Navarro Acosta, G., D. Baldo, F. Kolenc, C. Borteiro, and Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Embryonic morphology in five species of Hypsiboas<\/i> (Anura: Hylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> The Herpetological Journal<\/span>, 26<\/span><\/span>, 121\u2013132<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Fabrezi, Marissa, Silvia Quinzio, Julio Cruz, Mariana Chuliver Pereyra, Adriana Manzano, Virginia Abdala, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, Yanina Prieto, and Javier Goldberg<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Forma, tama\u00f1o y tiempo en la ontogenia de Anfibios y Reptiles.»<\/strong><\/span> Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda<\/span>, 31<\/span> (2)<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vicente, Natalin<\/a> and Monique Halloy<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Interaction between visual and chemical cues in a Liolaemus<\/i> lizard: a multimodal approach.»<\/strong><\/span> Zoology<\/span>, 125<\/span><\/span>, 24\u201328<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, Jimena Grosso<\/a>, Ana Duport Bru<\/a>, and Esteban Lavilla<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «La ontogenia como fuente de diversidad morfol\u00f3gica en los anuros.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Morfolog\u00eda de Vertebrados: hacia una integraci\u00f3n de conceptos, metodolog\u00edas y grupos de investigaci\u00f3n del pa\u00eds<\/span>, 1<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 333\u2013360<\/span>. Mar del Plata, Argentina<\/span>: EUDEM<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abEn este cap\u00edtulo abordamos la importancia de los estudios de morfolog\u00eda comparada en diferentes estadios del desarrollo ontogen\u00e9tico de los anfibios anuros, enfatizando en etapas no adultas. En primer lugar ejemplificamos estudios est\u00e1ticos de variaci\u00f3n estructural en embriones y larvas, con hincapi\u00e9 en la morfolog\u00eda de estructuras embrionarias transitorias y en caracter\u00edsticas t\u00edpicamente larvales. Seguidamente, consideramos m\u00e9todos y ejemplos de estudios din\u00e1micos, donde las trayectorias completas de cambio son comparadas interespec\u00edficamente. En este contexto, incluimos cambios de forma respecto del incremento de tama\u00f1o durante la ontogenia (alometr\u00eda), y cambios de forma y\/o tama\u00f1o respecto del tiempo de desarrollo (heterocron\u00eda de crecimiento). Adicionalmente, como alternativa operativa que no considera el tiempo como variable, resumimos el marco te\u00f3rico y ejemplos en estudios de heterocron\u00eda de secuencias.\u00bb<\/div>

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Catalano, Santiago<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Landmarks y parsimonia: principios b\u00e1sicos\r\n.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Morfolog\u00eda de Vertebrados: hacia una integraci\u00f3n de conceptos, metodolog\u00edas y grupos de investigaci\u00f3n del pa\u00eds<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 1<\/span>. Mar del Plata, Argentina<\/span>: EUDEM<\/span>. <\/div>

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Palacio, Facundo, Juan Girini, and Mariano Ordano<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Linking the hierarchical decision-making process of fruit choice and the phenotypic selection strength on fruit traits by birds.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Plant Ecology<\/span>, 10<\/span> (4)<\/span><\/span>: 713\u2013720<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Ter\u00e1n, Guillermo<\/a>, Juliano Ferrer, Mauricio Benitez, Felipe Alonso, Gast\u00f3n Aguilera<\/a>, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Living in the waterfalls: a new species of Trichomycterus<\/i> (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Tabay stream, Misiones, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> PLoS ONE<\/span>, 12<\/span> (6)<\/span>: e0179594<\/span>. <\/div>

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Rull, Juan, Solana Abraham, Pablo Schliserman, Mariano Ordano<\/a>, and Sergio Ovruski<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Mating behavior and basic biology of Haywardina cuculi<\/i> (Diptera: Tephritidae), a poorly known species exhibiting high variability in copulation duration.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Insect Behavior<\/span>, 30<\/span> (4)<\/span><\/span>: 439\u2013453<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Bertelli, Sara<\/a>, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, Norberto Giannini<\/a>, Adolfo Navarro-Sig\u00fcenza, A. Peterson, and Joel Cracraft<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Mexican land birds reveal complexity in fine-scale patterns of endemism.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Biogeography<\/span>, 44<\/span><\/span>, 1836\u20131846<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abAim.<\/b> Understanding patterns of endemism is a key to deciphering the history of biotas and setting conservation priorities, but resolving the complexity of distributional patterns quantitatively into areas of endemism is often a difficult task. We report here an analysis of a comprehensive biodiversity dataset for the study of endemism, including virtually all vouchered records available for resident land birds of Mexico (> 100,000 georeferenced data points for all 780 species).\r\nLocation.<\/b> Mexico.\r\nMethods.<\/b> The dataset was analysed with methods that recover areas without assuming prior endemic status for any species. This grid-based method for detecting areas of endemism considers co-occurrence and exclusiveness of species in alternative sets of geographic cells at different spatial resolutions, and finds optimal sets using heuristic, computationally intensive searches.\r\nResults.<\/b> We provide the most detailed study of endemism in Mexico to date. Our analysis recovered 17 of 18 previously recognized areas of endemism for Mexican birds, plus many additional areas clearly supported by distributional data totalling 33 areas of endemism at different spatial scales. These areas cover 70% of the country\u2019s surface and form a network of nested and partially overlapping regions, some of which are also disjoint.\r\nMain conclusions.<\/b> This picture contrasts strongly with previous conceptions of areas of endemism as non-overlapping and spatially simple in terms of scale. Our results reveal that endemism may be spatially complex and shed new light on its role as a key manifestation of biodiversity. Species identified as endemic to these areas comprise > 30% of the land birds of Mexico, with a disproportionately large fraction endangered according to IUCN or SEMARNAT.\u00bb<\/div>

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Reyes-Amaya, Nicol\u00e1s<\/a>, Adriana Jerez, and David Flores<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Morphology and postnatal development of lower hindlimbs in Desmodus rotundus<\/i> (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): a comparative study.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> The Anatomical Record<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe hindlimbs in bats are functionally adapted to serve as a hook to attach to the mother from birth, and to roost during independent life. Although bats exhibit different terrestrial locomotion capabilities involving hindlimbs, hindlimb morphology and postnatal development have been poorly studied. We describe in detail the postnatal development and bone morphology of hindlimbs of the nimble walker vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus<\/i>, and compare adult characters with the insectivorous Molossus molossus<\/i> (erratic walker) and the frugivorous Artibeus lituratus<\/i> (non-walker). The advanced ossification of most hindlimb elements of D. rotundus<\/i> at the newborn stage is consistent with the functional role of this structure at birth in bats. The development completion events of hindlimb bone elements and bone processes in D. rotundus<\/i> coincide with the cranial bone processes completion and suture closure events. Those events occur when individuals begin to feed by themselves. There are differences in the number and position of bone processes and sesamoids in adults among the compared species, most of which are described for the first time, and in the case of D. rotundus<\/i> and M. molossus<\/i> mostly related to a greater and tight articulation between elements. These facts seem to be closely associated with the different terrestrial locomotion capabilities, and in the case of the exclusively sanguivorous D. rotundus<\/i> with specializations for obtaining food.\u00bb<\/div>

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Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Sebasti\u00e1n Barrionuevo, Franco Pucci Alcaide, and Ana Pucci Alcaide<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Morphometric variations in the skin layers of frogs: an exploration into their relation with ecological parameters in Leptodactylus<\/i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae), with an emphasis on the Eberth-Kastschenko layer.»<\/strong><\/span> The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology<\/span>, wileyonlinelibrary.com<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Grosso, Jimena<\/a>, Dar\u00edo Cardozo, Diego Baldo, and Fernando Lobo<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Multiple sex chromosome system and Robertsonian rearrangements involved in the chromosome evolution of the Phymaturus palluma<\/i> group (Iguania: Liolaemidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 51<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 154\u2013160<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe Liolaemid genus Phymaturus<\/i> is a clade of saxicolous lizards with 44 species recognized, grouped in the Phymaturus palluma<\/i> and the Phymaturus patagonicus<\/i> groups. The chromosome data about this genus are extremely scarce; however, unpublished evidence suggests a great karyotypic diversity, mainly in the P. palluma<\/i> group. In this work, we describe the karyotypes of six species of the P. palluma<\/i> group (one of them unnamed) and report a multiple chromosome sex determination system with heterogametic males (X?X?X?X? \/X?X?Y). This sex-system represents a putative synapomorphy for the group. In accordance with the published literature and data obtained in this study, we report a wide variability for the diploid number of the P. palluma<\/i> group (2N = 26 to 36) but same autosomic fundamental number in all the species of the clade (FNa = 32). Such variation is a consequence of different numbers of telocentric macroautosome pairs among karyotypes (2 to 10), suggesting chromosomal evolution of the group, driven mainly by successive Robertsonian rearrangements.\u00bb<\/div>

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Dos Santos, Daniel, J\u00e9ssica Fratani<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Network architecture associated with the highly specialized hindlimb of frogs.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Plos One<\/span>, 12<\/span> (5)<\/span>. <\/div>

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Haidr, Nadia<\/a> and Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «New data on the humerotriceps of penguins and its implications in the evolution of the fossa tricipitalis.»<\/strong><\/span> Historical Biology<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Abdala, Virginia, Miriam Vera<\/a>, and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «On the presence of the patella in frogs.»<\/strong><\/span> The Anatomical record-advances in integrative anatomy and evolutionary biology<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Fratani, J\u00e9ssica<\/a>, Manoela Woitovicz-Cardoso, and Ana Louren\u00e7o<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Osteology of Physalaemus nattereri<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae) with comments on intraspecific variation.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 4227<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 219\u2013232<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe cranium, postcranium, and osteological variation of Physalaemus nattereri<\/i> (Steindachner) are described. The main sources of variation involve the degree of mineralization of the nasal capsule and the lengths of dermal skull bones (e.g., vomer, sphenethmoid, and neopalatine). Osteologically, P. nattereri<\/i> differs from its congeners by the anterior placement of the jaw articulation (which lies anterior to the intersection between the alae and cultriform process of parasphenoid), and by the separation of the frontoparietals from the anterior margins of exoccipitals. Descriptions of the nasal capsule, the auditory apparatus, and the iliosacral articulation are presented for the first time for this species. One putative morphological synapomorphy is presented for the P. signifer clade.\u00bb<\/div>

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Fratani, J\u00e9ssica<\/a>, Manoela Woitovicz-Cardoso, and Ana Louren\u00e7o<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Osteology of Physalaemus nattereri<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae) with comments on intraspecific variation.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 4227<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 219\u2013232<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe cranium, postcranium, and osteological variation of Physalaemus nattereri<\/i> (Steindachner) are described. The main sources of variation involve the degree of mineralization of the nasal capsule and the lengths of dermal skull bones (e.g., vomer, sphenethmoid, and neopalatine). Osteologically, P. nattereri<\/i> differs from its congeners by the anterior placement of the jaw articulation (which lies anterior to the intersection between the alae and cultriform process of parasphenoid), and by the separation of the frontoparietals from the anterior margins of exoccipitals. Descriptions of the nasal capsule, the auditory apparatus, and the iliosacral articulation are presented for the first time for this species. One putative morphological synapomorphy is presented for the P. signifer clade.\u00bb<\/div>

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Catalano, Santiago<\/a> and Ambrosio Torres Galvis<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Phylogenetic inference based on landmark data in 41 empirical data sets.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zoologica Scripta<\/span>, 46<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 1\u201311<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe inference of phylogenetic hypotheses from landmark data has been questioned during the last two decades. Besides theoretical concerns, one of the limitations pointed out for the use of landmark data in phylogenetics is its (supposed) lack of information relevant to the inference of phylogenetic relationships. However, empirical analyses are scarce; there exists no previous study that systematically evaluates the phylogenetic performance of landmark data in a series of data sets. In the present study, we analysed 41 published data sets in order to assess the correspondence between the phylogenetic trees derived from landmark data and those obtained with alternative and independent sources of evidence, and determined the main factors that might affect this inference. The data sets presented a variable number of terminals (5\u2013200) and configurations (1\u201314), belonging to different taxonomic groups. The results showed that for most of the data sets analysed, the trees derived from landmark data presented a low correspondence with the reference phylogenies. The results were similar irrespective of the phylogenetic method considered. Complementary analyses strongly suggested that the limited amount of evidence included in each data set (one or a few landmark configurations) is the main cause for that low correspondence: the phylogenetic analysis of eight data sets that presented three or more configurations clearly showed that the inclusion of several landmark configurations improves the results. In addition, the analyses indicated that the inclusion of landmark data from different configurations is more important than the inclusion of more landmarks from the same configuration. Based on the results presented here, we consider that the poor results previously obtained in phylogenetic analyses based on landmark data were not caused by methodological limitations, but rather due to the limited amount of evidence included in the data sets.\u00bb<\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Re-description of Trichopelma cubanum<\/i> (Thersphosidae: Ischnocolinae) and comments about the familial placement of Trichopelma<\/i>.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Munis Entomology & Zoology<\/span>, 12<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 194\u2013198<\/span>. Turqu\u00eda<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA detailed re-description of the type specimen of Trichopelma cubanum<\/i> (Simon, 1903) is presented. Comments and observations are made regarding morphological characters, such as the absence of teeth on the paired claws and the presence of small teeth on the anterior edge of the booklung opening. These characters, found in other species of Trichopelma<\/i> Simon, 1888 (represented in the Neotropical region by 16 species), suggest that the recent transfer of the genus to Theraphosidae may be unjustified, and that Trichopelma<\/i> may indeed be more closely related to the Barychelidae.\u00bb<\/div>

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Perez, Emilia and Carolina Berta<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Redescripci\u00f3n de Snellenius atratus<\/i> y S. peruensis<\/i> (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) y distribuci\u00f3n del g\u00e9nero en Sudam\u00e9rica.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Lilloana<\/span>, 61<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 137\u2013146<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abRedescription of Snellenius atratus<\/i> and S. peruensis<\/i> (Braconidae: Microgastrinae), and Distribution of the Genus in South America.<\/b> Redescriptions of S. atratus<\/i> Shenefelt y S. peruensis<\/i> Shenefelt, cited for Peru, with the contribution of new characters and illustrations, as well as data on intra-specific variation for its better identification. The male genitalia are described for the first time of all South American species. Distribution maps of the four South American species described by Shenefelt 1968 (S. atratus, S. peruensis, S.\r\nbicolor<\/i> and S. tricolor<\/i>) are shown. New locations for Peru of these two first species and S. bicolor<\/i> for Argentina are recorded.\u00bb<\/div>

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Fratani, J\u00e9ssica<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Tendinous framework of anurans reveals an all-purpose morphology.»<\/strong><\/span> Zoology<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abTendons are directly associated with movement, amplifying power and reducing muscular work. Taking into account habitat and locomotor challenges faced by anurans, we identify the more conspicuous superficial tendons of a neotropical anuran group and investigate their relation to the former factors. We show that tendons can be visualized as an anatomical framework connected through muscles and\/or fascia, and describe the most superficial tendinous layer of the postcranium of Leptodactylus latinasus. To analyze the relation between tendon morphology and ecological characters, we test the relative length ratio of 10 tendon\u2013muscle (t-m) elements in 45 leptodactylid species while taking phylogeny into account. We identify the evolutionary model that best explains our variables. Additionally, we optimize t-m ratio values, and the shape of the longissimus dorsi insertion onto a selected phylogeny of the species. Our data show the existence of an all-purpose morphology that seems to have evolved independently of ecology and functional requirements. This is indicated by no significant relation between morphometric data of the analyzed tendons and habitat use or locomotion, a strong phylogenetic component to most of the analyzed variables, and a generalized pattern of intermediate values for ancestral states. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck is the model that best explains most t-m variables, indicating that stabilizing selection or selective optima might be driving shifts in tendon length within Leptodactylidae. Herein, we show the substantial influence that phylogeny has on tendon morphology, demonstrating that a generalized and stable morphological configuration of tendons is adequate to enable versatile locomotor mode and habitat use. This is an attempt to present the tendinous system as a framework to body support in vertebrates, and can be considered\r\na starting point for further ecomorphological research of this anatomical system in anurans.\u00bb<\/div>

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Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, C. Taboada, M.J. Salica, D. Baldo, J. Faivovich, and D. Baeta<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «The adhesive glands during embryogenesis in some species of Phyllomedusinae (Anura: Hylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 51<\/span><\/span>, 119\u2013129<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vargas, Alexander, Macarena Ruiz-Flores, Sergio Soto-Acu\u00f1a, Nadia Haidr<\/a>, Carolina Acosta-Hospitaleche, Luis Ossa-Fuentes, and Vicente Mu\u00f1oz-Walther<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «The Origin and Evolutionary Consequences of Skeletal Traits Shaped by Embryonic Muscular Activity, from Basal Theropods to Modern Birds.»<\/strong><\/span> Integrative and Comparative Biology<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Ordano, Mariano<\/a>, Pedro Blendinger, Silvia Lom\u00e1scolo, Natacha Chacoff, Mariano S\u00e1nchez, Mar\u00eda N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Montellano, Julieta Jim\u00e9nez, Rom\u00e1n Ruggera, and Mariana Valoy<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «The role of trait combination in the conspicuousness of fruit display among bird-dispersed plants.»<\/strong><\/span> Functional Ecology<\/span>, 31<\/span><\/span>, 1718\u20131727<\/span>. British Ecological Society<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00ab1. In visually driven seed dispersal mutualisms, natural selection should promote plant strategies that maximize fruit visibility to dispersers. Plants might increase seed dispersal profitability by increasing conspicuousness of fruit display, understood as a plant strategy to maximize fruit detectability by seed dispersers.\r\n2. The role of different plant traits in fruit choice and consumption by seed dispersers has been broadly studied. However, there is no clear evidence about the importance of the traits that increase conspicuousness of fruit display. Because strategies to maximize conspicuousness of fruit display are diverse, and usually are expected to be costly, we would expect that individual plant species will produce an efficient combination of traits.\r\n3. We explored this prediction with 62 fleshy fruited plant species of a subtropical Andean forest (Southern Yungas), and using a large dataset of fruit consumption by birds (4476 records).\r\nConspicuousness of fruit display was characterized by both fruit and plant traits including chromatic contrast, size, exposure, aggregation and crop size of fruits. We also considered phylogenetic effects on phenotypic variation.\r\n4. Fruit consumption was explained by fruit chromatic contrast depending on fruit crop size. These traits revealed low phylogenetic effects, with the exception of four plant clades at different levels in the phylogenetic tree. Negative correlations between pairs of traits support our assumption that fruit display traits are costly, suggesting natural selection favours parsimonious evolutionary pathways.\r\n5. Plant species seem to rely on conspicuousness of fruit display by a combination of traits that might minimize costs of fruit display. This appears adaptively relevant to improve communication with mutualistic animals, to increase fruit consumption in a community context and, ultimately, to enhance the profitability of seed dispersal.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Segura, Valentina<\/a>, Guillermo Cassini, and Francisco Prevosti<\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Three-dimensional cranial ontogeny in pantherines (Panthera leo<\/i>, P. onca<\/i>, P. pardus<\/i>, P. tigris<\/i>; Carnivora: Felidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 120<\/span><\/span>, 210\u2013227<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe Panthera<\/i> lineage is a monophyletic clade of felids, supported by both morphological and molecular evidence. The lineage includes large species with cranial similarity such as Panthera leo<\/i> and P. tigris<\/i>, and other with very different cranium such as P. pardus<\/i>. The aim of our work was to study the cranial ontogeny of Pantherines, elucidating whether their cranial shape is a product of size or phylogeny, and to compare these findings with available information about other carnivores. We studied 370 specimens using geometric morphometrics technique in three dimensions. Panthera leo<\/i> and P. tigris<\/i> show similar ontogenetic trajectories, sharing adult crania with wider rostrum, shorter basicranium and vertical occipital plate. The cranial configuration of P. leo<\/i> is a scaling version of P. tigris. P. pardus<\/i> shows the most different cranial pattern, with adults having a rounded braincase and zygomatic arches less expanded than the rest, whereas P. onca<\/i> occupies an intermediate place between these patterns. P. pardus<\/i> is the species with the smallest birth weight and the lowest growth rate, reaching a final size and shape later than the remaining species. Adult shape morphology reflects no relation to phylogenetic placement of the species and it is probably related to Pantherine body size. \u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Fernando and Sara Bertelli<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2017<\/span>. «Vertebrados f\u00f3siles del Mesozoico del Noroeste Argentino.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Ciencias de la tierra y recursos naturales del NOA.<\/span><\/span>, 707\u2013729<\/span>. San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n<\/span>: XX Congreso Geol\u00f3gico Argentino<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abEn la presente contribuci\u00f3n se detalla el registro de f\u00f3siles vertebrados mesozoicos en el noroeste de Argentina. El mismo se compone de una parte Tri\u00e1sica y otra Cret\u00e1cica, pero hay tambi\u00e9n un registro puntual del Jur\u00e1sico. El Tri\u00e1sico se presenta en la cuenca de Ischigualasto-Villa Uni\u00f3n en las provincias de San Juan y La Rioja y en la cuenca de Marayes-El Carrizal al sur de San Juan, mientras que el Jur\u00e1sico Inferior existe en la \u00faltima cuenca y en la Formaci\u00f3n Ca\u00f1\u00f3n del Colorado en el centro de la provincia de San Juan. El Cret\u00e1cico est\u00e1 documentado en la Formaci\u00f3n Los Llanos de La Rioja y en la cuenca del Noroeste en Jujuy y Salta. El Tri\u00e1sico Superior es el mejor representado mostrando una buena diversidad de arcosauromorfos. El mejor registro de dinosauriformes no dinosaurianos es en la Formaci\u00f3n Cha\u00f1ares, mientras que los dinosaurios m\u00e1s antiguos del mundo aparecen ya bien diversificados en la Formaci\u00f3n Ischigualasto y se vuelven abundantes en Los Colorados. Dicinodontes son componentes residuales (poco diversos y abundantes), mientras que los cinodontes son abundantes en la Formaci\u00f3n Cha\u00f1ares y abundantes y m\u00e1s diversificados en la fauna de Ischigualasto. Registros antiguos de tortugas existen en las formaciones Los Colorados y Quebrada del Barro, y en esta \u00faltima hay tambi\u00e9n esfenodontes. En el Cret\u00e1cico de la Formaci\u00f3n Los Llanos se documentaron nidadas de huevos de saur\u00f3podos y restos fragmentarios de cocodrilos. En la cuenca del Noroeste, la Formaci\u00f3n Las Curtiembres registra peces tele\u00f3steos, ranas p\u00edpidas, tortugas pleurodiras, mesoeucrocodilidos, dinosaurios ter\u00f3podos y enantiornites; mientras que en la Formaci\u00f3n Los Blanquitos fueron hallados dinosaurios titanosa\u00faridos y ter\u00f3podos y un diente de cocodrilo. La Formaci\u00f3n Lecho est\u00e1 dominada por dinosaurios titanosaurios y tambi\u00e9n se hallaron ter\u00f3podos y enantiornites. Finalmente en la Formaci\u00f3n Yacoraite hay peces y cocodrilos, as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n huellas atribuidas a diferentes grupos de dinosaurios.\r\n\r\nABSTRACT\r\nMesozoic fossil vertebrates from northwestern Argentina. We are presenting a synthesis of the vertebrate fossil record from northwestern Argentina. The Triassic is represented in the Ischigualasto-Villa Uni\u00f3n Basin in La Rioja and San Juan provinces and in the Marayes-El Carrizal Basin in the south of San Juan, whereas the Lower Jurassic crops out in the latter basin and in the Ca\u00f1\u00f3n del Colorado Formation in the center of San Juan Province. Cretaceous fossils are documented in the Los Llanos Formation in La Rioja Province and in the Noroeste Basin in Jujuy and Salta provinces. The Upper Triassic is best represented in the Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin, featuring well-diversified archosauromorphs. Non dinosaur dinosauriforms are well diversified in the Cha\u00f1ares Formation, and the world\u2019s oldest dinosaurs are already well diversified in the Ischigualasto Formation and become abundant in Los Colorados. Ancient records of terrestrial turtles exist in the Los Colorados and Quebrada del Barro formations. Sphenodontians are also represented in the latter unit. A nesting site of sauropods and fossils of a crocodile are documented in the Cretaceous Los Llanos Formation. In the Noroeste Basin, the Las Curtiembres Formation has records of teleost fish, pipid frogs, pleurodire turtles, mesoeucrocodiles, theropod dinosaurs and enantiornithes birds; whereas in the Los Blanquitos Formation were found titanosaurid and theropod dinosaurs, as well as a crocodile tooth. The Lecho Formation is dominated by titanosaurid dinosaurs and also record theropod dinosaurs and enantiornithes. Finally, in the Yacoraite Formation there are fish and crocodiles, as well as tracks attributed to different groups of dinosaurs.\u00bb<\/div>

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Wheeler, W., J. Coddington, L. Crowley, D. Dimitrov, P. Goloboff, C. Griswold, G. Hormiga, M. Ram\u00edrez, P. Sierwald, L. Almeida-Silva, F. ALvarez-Padilla, M. Benavides, S. Benjamin, J. Bond, C. Grismado, E. Hasan, M. Hedin, M. Izquierdo, F. Labarque, J. Ledford, L. Lopardo, W. Maddison, J. Miller, L. Piacentini, N. Platnick, D. Polotow, D. Silva, N. Scharff, T. Sz\u00fcts, D. Ubick, C. Vink, H. Wood, and J. Zhang<\/u><\/span>. 2016 (in press)<\/span>. «The spider tree of life: Phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abWe present a phylogenetic analysis of spiders using a dataset of 932 spider species, representing 115 families (only the family Synaphridae is unrepresented), 700 known genera, and additional representatives of 26 unidentified or undescribed genera. Eleven genera of the orders Amblypygi, Palpigradi, Schizomida and Uropygi are included as outgroups. The dataset includes six\r\nmarkers from the mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COI) and nuclear (histone H3, 18S, 28S) genomes, and was analysed by multiple methods, including constrained analyses using a highly supported backbone tree from transcriptomic data. We recover most of the higher-level structure of the spider tree with good support, including Mesothelae, Opisthothelae, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae. Several of our analyses recover Hypochilidae and Filistatidae as sister groups, as suggested by previous transcriptomic analyses. The Synspermiata are robustly supported, and the families Trogloraptoridae and Caponiidae are found as sister to the Dysderoidea. Our results support the Lost Tracheae clade, including Pholcidae, Tetrablemmidae, Diguetidae, Plectreuridae and the family Pacullidae (restored status) separate from Tetrablemmidae. The Scytodoidea include Ochyroceratidae along with Sicariidae, Scytodidae, Drymusidae and Periegopidae; our results are inconclusive about the separation of these last two families. We did not recover monophyletic Austrochiloidea and Leptonetidae, but our data suggest that both groups\r\nare more closely related to the Cylindrical Gland Spigot clade rather than to Synspermiata. Palpimanoidea is not recovered by our analyses, but also not strongly contradicted. We find support for Entelegynae and Oecobioidea (Oecobiidae plus Hersiliidae), and ambiguous placement of cribellate orb-weavers, compatible with their non-monophyly. Nicodamoidea (Nicodamidae plus Megadictynidae) and Araneoidea composition and relationships are consistent with recent analyses. We did not obtain resolution for the titanoecoids (Titanoecidae and Phyxelididae), but the Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis clade is well supported. Penestomidae, and probably Homalonychidae, are part of Zodarioidea, although the latter family was set apart by recent transcriptomic analyses. Our data support a large group that we call the marronoid clade (including the families Amaurobiidae, Desidae, Dictynidae, Hahniidae, Stiphidiidae, Agelenidae and Toxopidae). The circumscription of most marronoid families is\r\nredefined here. Amaurobiidae include the Amaurobiinae and provisionally Macrobuninae. We transfer Malenellinae (Malenella, from Anyphaenidae), Chummidae (Chumma) (new syn.) and Tasmarubriinae (Tasmarubrius, Tasmabrochus and Teeatta, from Amphinectidae) to Macrobuninae. Cybaeidae are redefined to include Calymmaria, Cryphoeca, Ethobuella and Willisius (transferred from Hahniidae), and Blabomma and Yorima (transferred from Dictynidae). Cycloctenidae are redefined to include Orepukia (transferred from Agelenidae) and Pakeha and Paravoca (transferred from Amaurobiidae). Desidae are redefined to include five subfamilies: Amphinectinae, with Amphinecta, Mamoea, Maniho, Paramamoea and Rangitata (transferred from Amphinectidae); Ischaleinae, with Bakala and Manjala (transferred from Amaurobiidae) and Ischalea (transferred from Stiphidiidae); Metaltellinae, with Austmusia, Buyina, Calacadia, Cunnawarra, Jalkaraburra, Keera, Magua, Metaltella, Penaoola and Quemusia; Porteriinae (new rank), with Baiami, Cambridgea, Corasoides and Nanocambridgea (transferred from Stiphidiidae); and\r\nDesinae, with Desis, and provisionally Poaka (transferred from Amaurobiidae) and Barahna (transferred from Stiphidiidae). Argyroneta is transferred from Cybaeidae to Dictynidae. Cicurina is transferred from Dictynidae to Hahniidae. The genera Neoramia (from Agelenidae) and Aorangia, Marplesia and Neolana (from Amphinectidae) are transferred to Stiphidiidae. The family Toxopidae (restored status) includes two subfamilies: Myroinae, with Gasparia, Gohia, Hulua, Neomyro, Myro, Ommatauxesis\r\nand Otagoa (transferred from Desidae); and Toxopinae, with Midgee and Jamara, formerly Midgeeinae, new syn. (transferred from Amaurobiidae) and Hapona, Laestrygones, Lamina, Toxops and Toxopsoides (transferred from Desidae). We obtain a monophyletic Oval Calamistrum clade and Dionycha; Sparassidae, however, are not dionychans, but probably the sister group of those two clades. The composition of the Oval Calamistrum clade is confirmed (including Zoropsidae, Udubidae, Ctenidae,\r\nOxyopidae, Senoculidae, Pisauridae, Trechaleidae, Lycosidae, Psechridae and Thomisidae), affirming previous findings on the uncertain relationships of the \u201cctenids\u201d Ancylometes and Cupiennius, although a core group of Ctenidae are well supported. Our data were ambiguous as to the monophyly of Oxyopidae. In Dionycha, we found a first split of core Prodidomidae, excluding the Australian Molycriinae, which fall distantly from core prodidomids, among gnaphosoids. The rest of the dionychans form two main groups, Dionycha part A and part B. The former includes much of the Oblique Median Tapetum clade (Trochanteriidae, Gnaphosidae, Gallieniellidae, Phrurolithidae, Trachelidae, Gnaphosidae, Ammoxenidae, Lamponidae and the Molycriinae), and also Anyphaenidae and Clubionidae. Orthobula is transferred from Phrurolithidae to Trachelidae. Our data did not allow for complete resolution for the gnaphosoid families. Dionycha part B includes the families Salticidae, Eutichuridae, Miturgidae,\r\nPhilodromidae, Viridasiidae, Selenopidae, Corinnidae and Xenoctenidae (new fam., including Xenoctenus, Paravulsor and Odo, transferred from Miturgidae, as well as Incasoctenus from Ctenidae). We confirm the inclusion of Zora (formerly Zoridae) within Miturgidae.\u00bb<\/div>

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Vicente, Natalin<\/a> and Monique Halloy<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Liolaemus ramirezae<\/i>. Headbob display behavior.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Review<\/span>, 47<\/span> (3)<\/span><\/span>: 465\u2013466<\/span>. <\/div>

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Ter\u00e1n, Guillermo , Lucas Jarduli, Felipe Alonso, Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a>, and Oscar Shibatta<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Microglanis nigrolineatus<\/i>, a new species from northwestern Argentina (Ostariophysi: Pseudopimelodidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters<\/span>, 27<\/span>, 3<\/span><\/span>, 193\u2013202<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abMicroglanis nigrolineatus<\/i>, new species, is described from streams of Bermejo River basin, northwestern Argentina. It is distinguished from all congeners by a combination of characters including a unique coloration pattern: a thin dark line that runs along middle body from vertical line through dorsal-fin origin to end of adipose fin, delimiting two dark-brown areas ending in a dark blotch crossing entire body depth just anterior to caudal-fin origin and dorsal region of head uniformly dark, lacking a paler area on nuchal region. Also, thorn serrae on anterior \r\nmargin of pectoral-fin spine are short.\u00bb<\/div>

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Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Santiago Catalano<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «TNT<\/i> version 1.5, including a full implementation of geometric morphometrics.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 32<\/span><\/span>, 221\u2013239<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abVersion 1.5 of the computer program TNT<\/i> completely integrates landmark data into phylogenetic analysis. Landmark data consist of coordinates (in two or three dimensions) for the terminal taxa; TNT<\/i> reconstructs shapes for the internal nodes such that the difference between ancestor and descendant shapes for all tree branches sums up to a minimum; this sum is used as tree score. Landmark data can be analysed alone or in combination with standard characters; all the applicable commands and options in TNT<\/i> can be used transparently after reading a landmark data set. The program continues implementing all the types of analyses in former versions, including discrete and continuous characters (which can now be read at any scale, and automatically rescaled by TNT<\/i>). Using algorithms described in this paper, searches for landmark data can be made tens to hundreds of times faster than it was possible before (from T to 3T times faster, where T is the number of taxa), thus making phylogenetic analysis of landmarks feasible even on standard personal computers.\u00bb<\/div>

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R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «A new species of Actinopus<\/i> (Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae) from Bolivia.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales n.s.<\/span>, 18<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 185\u2013189<\/span>. Buenos Aires<\/span>: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA new species of the spider genus Actinopus<\/i> Perty from cochabamba, Bolivia is described under the name of Actinopus cochabamba<\/i> sp. n. this is the second species of the genus described for the country. Detailed morphological description and illustrations of the new species are presented.\u00bb<\/div>

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Bertelli, Sara<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Advances on tinamou phylogeny: an assembled cladistic study of the volant palaeognathous birds.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abTinamous are volant terrestrial birds, endemic to the Neotropics. Here, an inclusive phenotype-based phylogenetic study of the interrelationships among all extinct and living species of tinamous is conducted. In this cladistic analysis, results are compared between main character subsets and with previous molecular studies. Special attention is paid to character definition and scoring of integumentary and behavioural characters: transformation costs are applied to analyse egg coloration and plumage characters\u2014on the basis of pigment composition and overlap of pigmentation patterns respectively\u2014in the context of generalized (Sankoff) parsimony. Cladistic analysis recovers the traditional subdivision between those tinamous specialized for open areas (Nothurinae) and those inhabiting forested environments (Tinaminae) and support the monophyly of recognized genera. The present study demonstrates that morphological analysis yields highly congruent results when compared with previous molecular studies; thus, it provides morphological synapomorphies for clades that have been proposed by these molecular analyses. The placement of the fossil species within the open-area (Nothurinae) and the forest-dwelling (Tinaminae) tinamous is also consistent with the palaeoenvironmental conditions inferred from the associated flora and fauna.\u00bb<\/div>

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Amador, Lucila<\/a>, Leticia Moyers<\/a>, Francisca Almeida, Santiago Catalano<\/a>, and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Bat systematics in the light of unconstrained analyses of a comprehensive molecular supermatrix.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Mammalian Evolution<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201334<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abBats (Chiroptera) represent the largest diversification of extant mammals after rodents. Here we report the results of a large-scale phylogeny of bats based on unconstrained searches for a data matrix of 804 non-chimeric, taxonomically updated bat terminals (796 species represented by a single terminal plus three species represented by ?2 genetically distinct subspecies), able to preliminary test the systematics of most groups simultaneously. We used nine nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence markers fragmentary represented for ingroups (c. 90% and 64% of extant diversity at genus and species level, respectively) and 20 diverse placental outgroups. Maximum Likelihood and Parsimony analyses applied to the concatenated dataset yielded a highly resolved, variously supported phylogeny that recovered the majority of currently recognized clades at all levels of the chiropteran tree. Calibration points based on 44 key fossils allowed the Bayesian dating of bat origins at c. 4 my after the K-Pg boundary, and the determination of stem and crown ages of intraordinal clades. As expected, bats appeared nested in Laurasiatheria and split into Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera. More remarkable, all polytypic, currently recognized families were monophyletic, including Miniopteridae, Cistugidae, and Rhinonycteridae, as well as most polytypic genera with few expected exceptions (e.g., Hipposideros<\/i>). The controversial Myzopodidae appeared in a novel position as sister of Emballonuroidea\u2014a result with interesting biogeographic implications. Most recently recognized subfamilies, genera, and species groups were supported or only minor adjustments to the current taxonomy would be required, except Molossidae, which should be revised thoroughly. In light of our analysis, current bat systematics is strongly supported at all levels; the emergent perception of a strong biogeographic imprint on many recovered bat clades is emphasized.\u00bb<\/div>

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Vicente, Natalin<\/a> and Monique Halloy<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Chemical recognition of conspecifics in a neotropical lizard, Liolaemus pacha<\/i> (Iguania: Liolaemidae): relation to visual displays, season and sex.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Ethology<\/span>, 34<\/span> (3)<\/span><\/span>: 329\u2013335<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a> and Regina Gabriela Medina<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Comparative morphometrics in leptodactyline frogs (Anura, Leptodactylidae, Leptodactylinae): does burrowing behavior relate to sexual dimorphism?<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 50<\/span>, 4<\/span><\/span>, 604\u2013615<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Del Castillo, Daniela, Valentina Segura<\/a>, David Flores<\/a>, and Luis Cappozzo<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Cranial development and directional asymmetry in Commerson\u2019s dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii commersonii<\/i>: 3D geometric morphometric approach.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Mammalogy<\/span>, 97<\/span>, 5<\/span><\/span>, 1345\u20131354<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abCommerson\u2019s dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii<\/i>, is one of the smallest species of odontocete cetaceans. We aimed to study the postnatal cranial ontogeny of C. commersonii<\/i> through geometric morphometric technique, analyzing the postnatal ontogeny of the symmetric and asymmetric components of shape and providing information about sexual dimorphism affecting cranial shape and size. We digitized 57 landmarks in a sample of 139 crania of an ontogenetic series. Our results indicate that C. commersonii<\/i> presents sexual size dimorphism of cranium in adults, but not shape dimorphism. Major changes between juveniles and adults were associated with lengthening of the rostrum and accentuation of telescoping, as observed in other odontocetes. We found that the degree of asymmetry has a very subtle but still significant change during ontogeny, which may have functional implications. We also observed little general variation in skull shape during postnatal development, supporting the idea of the conservatism of young-like characters in adults of C. commersonii<\/i>. In accordance with this, we detect a very early attainment of stability of shape and size, being statistically similar in males and females. Differences in overall cranial shape and growth patterns in C. commersonii<\/i> and Pontoporia blainvillei<\/i> can be functionally associated to specific modes of feeding, suggesting also differences in the melon morphology.\u00bb<\/div>

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Mart\u00edn, Ferro, Taffarel , Cardozo , Grosso , Puig , Su\u00e1rez , Akmentins , and Baldo <\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Cytogenetic characterization and B chromosome \r\ndiversity in direct-developing frogs of the genus Oreobates <\/i>(Brachycephaloidea, Craugastoridae).»<\/strong><\/span> Comparative Cytogenetics<\/span> (10)<\/span><\/span>: 141\u2013156<\/span>. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4856932\/<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abOreobates<\/i> Jim\u00e9nez de la Espada, 1872 is a large group of South American frogs with terrestrial reproduction and direct development, located in the superfamily Brachycephaloidea. About 260 brachycephaloidean species have been cytogenetically studied so far, at least with standard techniques. However, this information represents fewer than 17% species of the family Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008, where the genus Oreobates<\/i> is included. In the present work, using a diversity of standard and molecular techniques, we describe the karyotype of O. barituensis <\/i> Vaira & Ferrari, 2008, O. berdemenos<\/i> Pereyra, Cardozo, Baldo & Baldo, 2014 and O. discoidalis <\/i>(Peracca, 1895), from northwestern Argentina. The three species analyzed showed a diploid karyotype with 2n = 22 biarmed chromosomes, fundamental number (FN) = 44, nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) located pericentromerically on pair 7, and a centromeric and pericentromeric C-banding pattern. We observed variations in the chromosome number in O. barituensis <\/i> due the presence of two morphs of B chromosomes, one mediumsized telocentric (BT) and another subtelocentric and smaller (Bst). Both B chromosomes are mitotically stable and were recorded in all somatic and germinal cells analyzed. The BT chromosome occurred at a maximum of one per individual (2n = 22+BT), and the other one was observed single (2n = 22 + Bst) or as a pair in two doses (2n = 22 + 2BT). We additionally observed other supernumerary chromosomes in the three species analyzed, all of them euchromatic, small, dot-shaped and with instability during mitoses, showing a frequency of occurrence below 50% in studied specimens. The occurrence of polymorphic and spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements and supernumerary chromosomes is a recurrent feature reported in frogs with terrestrial habits (Brachycephaloidea and Hemiphractidae Peters, 1862), which suggests that Brachycephaloidea may be a promising group for studying the origin and maintenance of B chromosomes in anurans.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ferro, Juan, Alberto Taffarel, Dar\u00edo Cardozo, Jimena Grosso<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Puig, Pablo Suarez, Mauricio Akmentins, and Diego Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Cytogenetic characterization and B chromosome diversity in direct-developing frogs of the genus Oreobates<\/i> (Brachycephaloidea, Craugastoridae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Comparative Cytogenetics<\/span>, 10<\/span><\/span>, 141\u2013156<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abOreobates<\/i> Jim\u00e9nez de la Espada, 1872 is a large group of South American frogs with terrestrial reproduction and direct development, located in the superfamily Brachycephaloidea. About 260 brachycephaloidean species have been cytogenetically studied so far, at least with standard techniques. However, this information represents fewer than 17% species of the family Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008, where the genus Oreobates<\/i> is included. In the present work, using a diversity of standard and molecular techniques, we describe the karyotype of O. barituensis<\/i> Vaira & Ferrari, 2008, O. berdemenos<\/i> Pereyra, Cardozo, Baldo & Baldo, 2014 and O. discoidalis<\/i> (Peracca, 1895), from northwestern Argentina. The three species analyzed showed a diploid karyotype with 2n = 22 biarmed chromosomes, fundamental number (FN) = 44, nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) located pericentromerically on pair 7, and a centromeric and pericentromeric C-banding pattern. We observed variations in the chromosome number in O. barituensis<\/i> due the presence of two morphs of B chromosomes, one mediumsized telocentric (BT) and another subtelocentric and smaller (Bst). Both B chromosomes are mitotically stable and were recorded in all somatic and germinal cells analyzed. The BT chromosome occurred at a maximum of one per individual (2n = 22 + BT), and the other one was observed single (2n = 22 + Bst) or as a pair in two doses (2n = 22 + 2BT). We additionally observed other supernumerary chromosomes in the three species analyzed, all of them euchromatic, small, dot-shaped and with instability during mitoses, showing a frequency of occurrence below 50% in studied specimens. The occurrence of polymorphic and spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements and supernumerary chromosomes is a recurrent feature reported in frogs with terrestrial habits (Brachycephaloidea and Hemiphractidae Peters, 1862), which suggests that Brachycephaloidea may be a promising group for studying the origin and maintenance of B chromosomes in anurans.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Rodr\u00edguez, Daniel, Nicol\u00e1s Reyes-Amaya<\/a>, Adriana Reyes, Hector Restrepo, Yesid Casas, Oswaldo Salgado, Javier Rodr\u00edguez, and Humberto G\u00f3mez<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Desempe\u00f1o de un collar GPS en el seguimiento a un oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus<\/i>) en los Andes colombianos.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Biodiversidad Neotropical<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abObjetivo: Describir por primera vez el desempe\u00f1o de un collar de telemetr\u00eda GPS en el seguimiento a un oso andino silvestre en los ecosistemas monta\u00f1osos de los Andes colombianos (Cundinamarca, Colombia), como un aporte al conocimiento de la efectividad de esta t\u00e9cnica en la especie.\r\nMetodolog\u00eda: Se relacion\u00f3 el n\u00famero de posiciones GPS obtenidas y esperadas, el n\u00famero de sat\u00e9lites enlazados, tipo de posici\u00f3n (2D, 3D), valores de dilusi\u00f3n horizontal de precisi\u00f3n, tiempo para la primera posici\u00f3n, estado de actividad-inactividad del oso y horas de d\u00eda (luz: 05:00-18:00) o noche (oscuridad: 01:00-04:00 y 19:00-24:00) en que fueron obtenidos estos datos.\r\nResultados: Existi\u00f3 diferencia significativa en la actividad del oso marcado, mostr\u00e1ndolo activo durante el d\u00eda e inactivo en la noche (M-Wt, p=4.456E-38). No existi\u00f3 diferencia en el \u00e9xito de posiciones entre d\u00eda-noche (t test, p=0.50) o entre actividad-inactividad (t test, p=0.73), sin embargo la actividad se correlacion\u00f3 positivamente con el n\u00famero de sat\u00e9lites (p=3.781E-5, r=0.22) y negativamente con los valores HDOP (p=1.583E-11, r=-0.35) y TTFF (p=8.911E-12, r=-0.36). Una vez en funcionamiento, el collar asumi\u00f3 una programaci\u00f3n diaria de toma de posiciones distinta a la establecida, y dej\u00f3 de funcionar s\u00fabitamente a los 41 d\u00edas de seguimiento, permitiendo un \u00e9xito de posiciones de 5.3% respecto a lo esperado para 12 meses.\r\nConclusiones: Durante el funcionamiento del dispositivo los patrones de actividad de esta especie y las coberturas boscosas\/rocosas asociadas con su descanso nocturno, no afectaron negativamente el \u00e9xito de toma de posiciones, pero s\u00ed la calidad de las mismas. El da\u00f1o prematuro del collar y el cambio arbitrario que asumi\u00f3 sobre la programaci\u00f3n diaria de toma de posiciones, indican que el dispositivo evaluado no mostr\u00f3 un buen desempe\u00f1o para el seguimiento del oso marcado.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Soliz, M\u00f3nica and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Development and morphological variation of the axial and appendicular skeleton in Hylidae (Lissamphibia, Anura).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Morphology<\/span>, 277<\/span><\/span>, 786\u2013813<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Plese, Tinka, Nicol\u00e1s Reyes-Amaya<\/a>, Leyn Castro-V\u00e1squez, Sebasti\u00e1n Giraldo, and Orlando Feliciano<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Distribution and current state of knowledge of Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni<\/i>) in Colombia, with comments on the variations of its external morphological traits.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Therya<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abHoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni<\/i>) has been extensively studied since the 1940s in some countries across its distribution range. However, several aspects of its biology remain unexplored or have been described superficially. This study updated the geographic distribution of this sloth species in Colombia, describing external traits of specimens that inhabit different areas of the country. Additionally, a revision of the current state of knowledge of this species in Colombia was conducted, with a focus on the identification of information gaps and the major threats affecting this species. An updated map of the distribution of C. hoffmanni<\/i> in Colombia was elaborated, including the distribution reported by IUCN, the records of specimens received in the Xenarthra center for rescue and rehabilitation (CRRX, for its acronym in Spanish; primary information), the wildlife care centers of the Autonomous Regional Corporations (CARs, for its acronym in Spanish), and records of biological collections available online (secondary information). CRRX specimens were examined externally, and the external morphological characteristics (skull and body shape; pelage color, length and density) were described. A comprehensive literature review was performed, compiling studies conducted over the last two decades on this species in Colombia, analyzing their respective contributions to its knowledge. The records obtained provide localities of occurrence for the species not previously recognized by IUCN, in 54 municipalities of 12 departments of Colombia. There are external morphological patterns defining lowland (interandean valleys and Caribbean region), highland (Colombian Andes) and Colombian Pacific populations. The biggest information gaps regard demography, distribution and genetics. The main threats identified are habitat loss (infrastructure construction, forest clearance) and removal of specimen (illegal trade). The localities of occurrence obtained confirm the distribution of this species in areas previously suggested at the north and center of the Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central and Cauca River valley, besides the north, center and south of the Cordillera Oriental, Piedemonte Llanero, and the southern Magdalena River valley. The external revision of specimens from the CRRX shows that although it is impossible to derive clear taxonomic inferences from the evidence collected, pelage color, length and density are the most representative external traits that differentiate lowland, highland and Pacific Colombian populations. The prioritization of issues such as the conservation status and threats in the investigation of this species in Colombia during the last twenty years have relegated key aspects such as demography, distribution, taxonomy and genetics, a fact that poses a challenge for the execution of proper management actions in the country.\u00bb<\/div>

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Reyes-Amaya, Nicol\u00e1s<\/a>, Juli\u00e1n Loz\u00e1no Fl\u00f3rez, David Flores<\/a>, and Sergio Solari<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Distribution of the spix\u2019s disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor<\/i> Spix, 1823 (Chiroptera: Thyropteridae) in Colombia, with first records for the middle Magdalena Valley.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Mastozoolog\u00eda Neotropical<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThyroptera tricolor<\/i> is a rarely collected bat species that inhabits lowland forests in Central and South America. We review the distribution of T. tricolor<\/i> in Colombia, using previous and new records deposited in scientific collections of the world, providing a distribution map and a gazetteer with comments on available geographical information. We also provide first records for the Middle Magdalena Valley, with external and cranial measurements. These new records reduce the distributional gap between northern and southern records of the country. Additionally, by comparing dental measurements of our recent specimens with fossil records of thyropterids from the Magdalena Valley (La Venta deposits), we contribute to understanding the evolution and distribution of this group, reinforcing the hypothesis of evolutionary stasis.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

2016<\/span>. «Effect of body mass and melanism on heat balance in Liolaemus<\/i> lizards of the goetschi<\/i> clade.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Experimental Biology<\/span>, 219<\/span><\/span>, 1162\u20131171<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a>, Alejandra Molina, Juliana Rajmil, Lone Aagesen, Carolina Correa<\/a>, Ver\u00f3nica Pereyra<\/a>, and Gustavo Scrocchi<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «El maravilloso mundo de los animales y plantas de la Puna. Alfarcito, Laguna de Guayatayoc, Jujuy, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo<\/span>, Conservaci\u00f3n de la Naturaleza<\/span>, 22<\/span>. <\/div>

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Medina, Regina Gabriela<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Ezequiel Ar\u00e1oz<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Environmental, land cover and land use constraints on the distributional patterns of anurans: Leptodacylus<\/i> species (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from Dry Chaco.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> PeerJ<\/span> (4:e2605)<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Aguilera, Gast\u00f3n<\/a>, Guillermo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, Felipe Alonso, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «First record of the banjo catfish Bunocephalus doriae<\/i> Boulenger 1902 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) in the Bermejo River basin, Salta, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Check List<\/span>, 12<\/span>, 3<\/span> (1888)<\/span><\/span>: 1\u20134<\/span>. Biotaxa<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abIntense sampling in the upper Bermejo River basin revealed the presence of specimens of the aspredinid genus Bunocephalus<\/i>. After detailed morphological and morphometric analyses specimens were identified as Bunocephalus doriae<\/i>. This is the first record of any member of the Aspredinidae in the upper Bermejo River basin.\u00bb<\/div>

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Alonso, Felipe, Pablo Calvi\u00f1o, Guillermo Ter\u00e1n<\/a>, and Ignacio Garc\u00eda<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Geographical distribution of Austrolebias monstrosus<\/i> (Huber, 1995), A. elongatus <\/i> (Steindachner, 1881) and A. vandenbergi<\/i> (Huber, 1995) in Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Check List<\/span>, 12<\/span>, 4<\/span><\/span>, 1\u20137<\/span>. Biotaxa<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abWe present a new record for Austrolebias elongatus<\/i> from Gualeguaych\u00fa, in Entre R\u00edos Province, Argentina, based on new fieldwork and a revision of material deposited in national ichthyological collections. We also give evidence on the erroneous records of Austrolebias monstrosus<\/i> and A. vandenbergi<\/i> from Ituzaing\u00f3, Corrientes Province, as well as present additional records from Salta Province for those species. Material previously determined as A. elongatus<\/i> from Santiago del Estero is attributed to A. monstrosus<\/i>. We restrict the \r\ndistribution of these two species to Semi-arid Chaco Region in Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia.\u00bb<\/div>

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Grosso, Jimena<\/a>, Diego Baldo, and Florencia Vera Candioti<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Heterochronic changes during embryonic development of neotropical foam nesting frogs (genus Leptodactylus<\/i>).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology<\/span>, 266<\/span><\/span>, 35\u201349<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abAt least five different reproductive modes were reported in the neotropical frog genus Leptodactylus<\/i>, all of them involving the building of foam nests. We analyzed the early ontogeny of five species of the L. fuscus<\/i> group building terrestrial chambers where eggs are deposited, and of two species of the L. latrans<\/i> group constructing a floating nest over the surface of lentic waters. The ontogenetic period described herein includes the occurrence of exclusively embryonic structures and the initial stages of development of larval features. In a likely relation\r\nto ecological aspects of oviposition and developmental mode, embryos of these two groups differ in several features. Embryos of the L. fuscus<\/i> group were mainly pigmentless, were large sized with an extensive yolk provision, showed a dorsal kyphosis and lacked adhesive glands. Conversely, embryos of the L. latrans<\/i> group were darkly pigmented, lacked a dorsal curvature, were comparatively smaller and less yolked, and showed adhesive glands in a peculiar type D morphogenetic pattern. Embryos of the L. latrans<\/i> group had long, profusely branched, highly ciliated external gills, which were arranged ventrally. The comparative analysis of developmental sequences revealed an early emergence of hind limbs in Leptodactylus<\/i> species relative to a reference leiuperine trajectory, an earlier differentiation of external gills in the species of the L. fuscus<\/i> group, and an overall earlier development of mouthparts in embryos of the L. latrans<\/i> group. Further analyses in a phylogenetic context are needed to evaluate the ancestral reconstructions of the development sequence and detect evolutionary relevant heterochronies in the genus.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a> and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Phenotypical expression of reduced mobility during limb ontogeny in frogs: the knee-joint case.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> PeerJ<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201317<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Amador, Lucila<\/a> and Noberto Giannini<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Phylogeny and evolution of body mass in didelphid marsupials (Marsupialia: Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Organisms Diversity & Evolution<\/span>, 16<\/span> (3)<\/span><\/span>: 641\u2013657<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abMost extant New World marsupials belong in the Didelphidae, which comprises ca. 110 currently recognized species of opossums. Didelphids are small mammals with their mean body mass, at species level, ranging from ca. 7 g to 2.2 kg. The largest species belong in a single clade, while substantial variation remains scattered across the remaining groups. We seek out to explore the details of this mass variation in an evolutionary framework. To this end, we first reconstructed the phylogeny of didelphids based on an extensive, although fragmentary sample of sequences from ten genes. We recovered a fully resolved, highly robust phylogeny that tested and confirmed most previously reported groupings, providing a simultaneous depiction of phylogenetic relationships for 81% of currently recognized species and all relevant supra-specific clades. As much as 69% of total body mass variation in didelphids was explained by this phylogenetic hypothesis. Mapped on it, mass variation evolved as much as 6.8 kg of total changes, starting from a reconstructed ancestral body mass range of 22\u201333 g. No single, family-wide pattern was evident; in fact, the dominant pattern for mass variation was that of increases in body mass along a few successive branches, or phyletic giantism, followed by apomorphic nanism, i.e., decreases localized in single terminal branches. Phyletic trends indicated the persistence of gradual, directional changes along considerable spans of geological time and show that substantial variation of interest resides in this and perhaps most groups of small mammals.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Claudia Szumik<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Problems with supertrees based on the subtree prune-and-regraft distance, with comments on majority rule supertrees.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 32<\/span><\/span>, 82\u201389<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThis paper examines a recent proposal to calculate supertrees by minimizing the sum of subtree prune-and-regraft distances to the input trees. The supertrees thus calculated may display groups present in a minority of the input trees but contradicted by the majority, or groups that are not supported by any input tree or combination of input trees. The proponents of the method themselves stated that these are serious problems of \u201cmatrix representation with parsimony\u201d, but they can in fact occur in their\r\nown method. The majority rule supertrees, being explicitly clade-based, cannot have these problems, and seem much more suited to retrieving common clades from a set of trees with different taxon sets. However, it is dubious that so-called majority rule supertrees can always be interpreted as displaying those clades present (or compatible with) with a majority of the trees. The majority rule consensus is always a median tree, in terms of the Robinson\u2013Foulds distances (i.e. it minimizes the sum of Robinson\u2013Foulds distances to the input trees). In contrast, majority rule supertrees may not be median\u2014different, contradictory trees may minimize Robinson\u2013Foulds distances, while their strict consensus does not. If being \u201cmajority\u201d results from being median in Robinson\u2013Foulds distances, this means that in the supertree setting a \u201cmajority\u201d is ambiguously defined, sometimes achievable only by mutually contradictory trees.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ter\u00e1n, Guillermo<\/a>, Felipe Alonso, Gast\u00f3n Aguilera<\/a>, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Range extension of Hypostomus cochliodon<\/i> Kner, 1854 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in Bermejo River, Salta, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Check List<\/span>, 12<\/span> (4)<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, Jimena Grosso<\/a>, Bel\u00e9n Haad<\/a>, Mart\u00edn Pereyra, Marcos Bornschein, Claudio Borteiro, Paulo Costa, Francisco Kolenc, Marcio Pie, Bel\u00e9n Proa\u00f1o, Santiago Ron, Florina Stanescu, and Diego Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Structural and heterochronic variations during the early ontogeny in toads (Anura: Bufonidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Monographs<\/span> (30)<\/span><\/span>: 79\u2013118<\/span>. The Herpetologists' League<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abIn recent decades, a renewed interest in comparative studies of embryonic ontogeny in anurans is taking place. Toad embryos are often employed as model organisms, and scarce attention has been put on interspecific variations. In this work we analyze the development of transient embryonic and larval structures in 21 species in five genera of Bufonidae. These species vary in their ovipositional mode and the type of environments where the embryos and tadpoles develop, including ponds, streams, and axils of leaves of terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Comparative anatomical studies and sequence heterochrony analyses show that primary morphological variations occur in the morphology at the tail-bud stage, the arrangement and development of the external gills, adhesive gland type and division timing, growth of the dorsal hatching gland on the head, configuration of the oral disc, emergence and development of the hind limbs, and presence of the abdominal sucker. Some of these transformations are best explained by phylogeny (e.g., early divergent taxa of bufonids have embryos with kyphotic body curvature, Type C adhesive glands, and a very small third pair of gills). Other traits might be correlated with reproductive modes (e.g., phytotelmata embryos hatch comparatively late and show an accelerated development of hind limbs). Because these actual variations are not well studied (e.g., less than the 10% of the known diversity of bufonids has been studied from this perspective), comprehensive analyses are required to interpret character evolution and the relationship with reproductive modes within the family.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Grosso, Jimena<\/a>, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, Bel\u00e9n Haad<\/a>, Mart\u00edn Pereyra, Marcos Bornschein, Claudio Borteiro, Paulo Costa, Francisco Kolenc, Marcio Pie, Bel\u00e9n Proa\u00f1o, Santiago Ron, and Diego Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Structural and Heterochronic Variations During the Early Ontogeny in Toads (Anura: Bufonidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Monographs<\/span> (30)<\/span><\/span>: 79\u2013118<\/span>. The Herpetologists' League<\/span>, http:\/\/.bioone.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1655\/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-16-00004.1<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abIn recent decades, a renewed interest in comparative studies of embryonic ontogeny in anurans is taking place. Toad embryos are often employed as model organisms, and scarce attention has been put on interspecific variations. In this work we analyze the development of transient embryonic and larval structures in 21 species in five genera of Bufonidae. These species vary in their ovipositional mode and the type of\r\nenvironments where the embryos and tadpoles develop, including ponds, streams, and axils of leaves of terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Comparative anatomical studies and sequence heterochrony analyses show that primary morphological variations occur in the morphology at the tail-bud stage, the arrangement and development of the external gills, adhesive gland type and division timing, growth of the dorsal hatching gland on the head, configuration of the oral disc, emergence and development of the hind limbs, and presence of the abdominal sucker. Some of these transformations are best explained by phylogeny (e.g., early divergent taxa of bufonids have embryos with kyphotic body curvature, Type C adhesive glands, and a very small third pair of gills). Other traits might be correlated with reproductive modes (e.g., phytotelmata embryos hatch comparatively late and show an accelerated development of hind limbs). Because these actual variations are not well studied (e.g., less than the 10% of the known diversity of bufonids has been studied from this perspective), comprehensive analyses are required to interpret character evolution and the relationship with reproductive modes within the family.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Grosso, Jimena<\/a>, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, Bel\u00e9n Haad<\/a>, Mart\u00edn Pereyra, Marcos Bornschein, Claudio Borteiro, Paulo Costa, Francisco Kolenc, Marcio Pie, Bel\u00e9n Proa\u00f1o, Santiago Ron, and Diego Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Structural and Heterochronic Variations During the Early Ontogeny in Toads (Anura: Bufonidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Monographs<\/span> (30)<\/span><\/span>: 79\u2013118<\/span>. The Herpetologists' League<\/span>, http:\/\/.bioone.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1655\/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-16-00004.1<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abIn recent decades, a renewed interest in comparative studies of embryonic ontogeny in anurans is taking place. Toad embryos are often employed as model organisms, and scarce attention has been put on interspecific variations. In this work we analyze the development of transient embryonic and larval structures in 21 species in five genera of Bufonidae. These species vary in their ovipositional mode and the type of\r\nenvironments where the embryos and tadpoles develop, including ponds, streams, and axils of leaves of terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Comparative anatomical studies and sequence heterochrony analyses show that primary morphological variations occur in the morphology at the tail-bud stage, the arrangement and development of the external gills, adhesive gland type and division timing, growth of the dorsal hatching gland on the head, configuration of the oral disc, emergence and development of the hind limbs, and presence of the abdominal sucker. Some of these transformations are best explained by phylogeny (e.g., early divergent taxa of bufonids have embryos with kyphotic body curvature, Type C adhesive glands, and a very small third pair of gills). Other traits might be correlated with reproductive modes (e.g., phytotelmata embryos hatch comparatively late and show an accelerated development of hind limbs). Because these actual variations are not well studied (e.g., less than the 10% of the known diversity of bufonids has been studied from this perspective), comprehensive analyses are required to interpret character evolution and the relationship with reproductive modes within the family.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Cristian <\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «The first parthenogenetic Pleurodont Iguanian: a new all-female Liolaemus<\/i> (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from western Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Copeia<\/span>, 104<\/span><\/span>, 487\u2013497<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Scheinsohn, Vivian, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, S. Leonardt, and F. Rizzo<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «The \u201chidden\u201d code: coding and classifying in rock art. A northwestern Patagonia case study.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Archeological Method and Theory<\/span>, 23<\/span><\/span>, 500\u2013519<\/span>. New York<\/span>: Springer<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Variaci\u00f3n intra-espec\u00edfica en machos de Actinopus<\/i> sp. (Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae) del norte argentino.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Lilloana<\/span>, 60<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 78\u201388<\/span>. San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n<\/span>: Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abPoco se conoce sobre la diversidad y morfolog\u00eda del g\u00e9nero neotropical Actinopus<\/i> Perty, 1833.En el presente trabajo se centra la atenci\u00f3n en la variaci\u00f3n intraespec\u00edfica de caracteres som\u00e1ticos (cefalot\u00f3rax y estern\u00f3n) y genitales (bulbos copuladores) en una muestra de machos de Actinopus<\/i> sp. Con el fin de cuantificar el cambio en la forma del estern\u00f3n se aplicaron t\u00e9cnicas de morfometr\u00eda geom\u00e9trica. El an\u00e1lisis de una sub-muestra mostr\u00f3 bajos niveles de variaci\u00f3n en ambos grupos de caracteres. El resultado sugiere un alto grado de conservaci\u00f3n de los caracteres genitales y som\u00e1ticos de estos machos.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Torres Galvis, Ambrosio<\/a> and Daniel Miranda-Esquivel<\/u><\/span>. 2016<\/span>. «Wing shape variation in the taxonomic recognition of species of Diachlorus<\/i> Osten-Sacken (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Colombia.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Neotropical Entomology<\/span>, 45<\/span> (2)<\/span><\/span>: 180\u2013191<\/span>. Springer<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abWe evaluated the directional asymmetry between right and left wings and quantified the intraspecific and interspecific variation of the wing shape of 601 specimens of the genus Diachlorus<\/i> to determine to what extent the geometrical variation discriminates six species distributed in six protected areas of Colombia. Geometric analyses were performed, integrating Procrustes methods, principal component analyses, cluster analyses, linear and quadratic discriminant analyses, and evaluations of shape changes. In Diachlorus<\/i>, left and right wings did not present significant asymmetry but a geometrical analysis was allowed for species identification and, in some cases, the origin of the specimens using the variation of wing shape; the best-assigned species was Diachlorus leticia<\/i> Wilkerson & Fairchild, while the worst was Diachlorus jobbinsi<\/i> Fairchild, which also had the highest intraspecific variation, while Diachlorus fuscistigma<\/i> Lutz had the lowest variation. Diachlorus fuscistigma<\/i> and Diachlorus leucotibialis<\/i> Wilkerson & Fairchild were the most similar species, while D. leucotibialis<\/i> and Diachlorus nuneztovari<\/i> Fairchild & Ortiz were the most disimilar. The specimens with the most different wing shape belonged to Choc\u00f3 (especially those of D. jobbinsi<\/i>), the geographically farthest area from the others in the study; however, no correlation was observed between geometric and geographical distances. Linear discriminants were better than nonlinear (quadratic) discriminant analyses in predicting species membership, but the opposite was true for predicting area membership. Based on our data, we hypothesized that other species of Diachlorus<\/i> could also be discriminated using geometric morphometry of the wing shape.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Cristian <\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «A new species of Liolaemus<\/i> of the Liolaemus alticolor-bibronii<\/i> group (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Mendoza, Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> South American Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 10<\/span><\/span>, 104\u2013115<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goldberg, J. and Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «A tale of a tail: variation during the early ontogeny of Haddadus binotatus<\/i> (Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae) as compared to other direct-developers.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 49<\/span><\/span>, 479\u2013484<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Segura, Valentina<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «A three-dimensional skull ontogeny in the bobcat (Lynx rufus<\/i>) (Carnivora: Felidae): a comparison with other carnivores.»<\/strong><\/span> Canadian Journal of Zoology<\/span>, 93<\/span><\/span>, 225\u2013237<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe maturation of mammalian carnivores from a lactating juvenile to a predatory adult requires a suite of changes in both morphology and behaviour. Bobcats (Lynx rufus<\/i> (Schreber, 1777)) are medium-sized cats with well-developed skulls to process large prey that can exceed their body mass. An integrated view of the skull ontogeny in the bobcat was developed to detect the relationship between shape, size (on the basis of three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis), and life history. Dietary changes from juvenile to adults were taken into account and compared with other carnivores. Newborns were different from the remaining age stages in the behavioral and morphological characters examined, which allows us to relate them to the terminal morphology reached during the prenatal period. All findings were related to the reinforcement of the skull and the enhancement of predatory skills in adult bobcats. The final cranial shape is reached in A2 age class, after 2 years of age, and once sexual maturity has been reached. This is a pattern not followed for the rest of carnivores previously studied, which might be related to the capacity of subduing prey that exceed them in size, a behavior not common in felids of the body size of bobcats.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Computer science and parsimony: a reappraisal, with discussion of methods for poorly structured data sets.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 31<\/span><\/span>, 210\u2013225<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abIn recent years, several publications in computer science journals have proposed new heuristic methods for parsimony analysis. This contribution discusses those papers, including methods highly praised by their authors, such as Hydra, Sampars and GA + PR + LS. Trees of comparable or better scores can be obtained using the program TNT, but from one to three orders of magnitude faster. In some cases, the search methods are very similar to others long in use in phylogenetics, but the enormous speed differences seem to correspond more to poor implementations than to actual differences in the methods themselves.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Pereyra, M.O., Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, J. Faivovich, and D. Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Egg clutch structure of Rhinella rumbolli<\/i> (Anura: Bufonidae) from Argentina with a review of reproductive diversity in Rhinella<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> Salamandra<\/span>, 51<\/span><\/span>, 161\u2013170<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Rodr\u00edguez-Castro, David, Susy Contento, Diego Grajales, Daniel Rodr\u00edguez, Adriana Reyes, Nicol\u00e1s Reyes-Amaya<\/a>, and Claudia Rodr\u00edguez<\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Evaluaci\u00f3n del estado de aplicaci\u00f3n del Programa Nacional para la Conservaci\u00f3n en Colombia del Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus<\/i>).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Biodiversidad Neotropical<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abLos programas de conservaci\u00f3n de especies amenazadas constituyen una herramienta \u00fatil para la planeaci\u00f3n y ejecuci\u00f3n de acciones coordinadas que influyan en el mejoramiento de la salud de las poblaciones de estas especies. Sin embargo, en Colombia es desconocido el impacto real que estos programas tienen al interior de las instituciones encargadas de ejecutarlos.\r\nObjetivo: Realizar una evaluaci\u00f3n del estado de aplicaci\u00f3n del Programa Nacional para la Conservaci\u00f3n en Colombia del Oso Andino (PNOA) al interior de 26 corporaciones aut\u00f3nomas regionales (CAR) y la Oficina de Planeaci\u00f3n de Parques Nacionales Naturales, Unidad Administrativa Especial de Parques Nacionales Naturales (UAESPNN). Metodolog\u00eda: Se realiz\u00f3 una revisi\u00f3n cuantitativa mediante los criterios de sem\u00e1foro, sobre la informaci\u00f3n obtenida de 42 documentos institucionales de planeaci\u00f3n y de las respuestas al requerimiento 2100-2-91674 de 2009 del Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial (MAVDT), as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n de entrevistas con funcionarios.\r\nResultados: Con excepci\u00f3n de una, la totalidad de las CARs presentaron informaci\u00f3n sobre la ejecuci\u00f3n del programa en sus jurisdicciones (96,2%). La oficina de UAESPNN no present\u00f3 informaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica o virtual de sus jurisdicciones, impidiendo su inclusi\u00f3n integral en el an\u00e1lisis cuantitativo. En total, la l\u00ednea de acci\u00f3n del PNOA con mayor porcentaje de aplicaci\u00f3n directa fue la l\u00ednea I (conservaci\u00f3n in situ<\/i>: 30,8%), la de mayor porcentaje de aplicaci\u00f3n indirecta fue la l\u00ednea V (fortalecimiento institucional: 88,5%) y la de mayor porcentaje de no aplicaci\u00f3n fue la l\u00ednea II (conservaci\u00f3n ex situ: 42,3%).\r\nConclusiones: El PNOA presenta una ejecuci\u00f3n mayoritariamente indirecta donde 61,5% de las CARs evaluadas s\u00f3lo hab\u00edan desarrollado actividades indirectas, asociadas con la ejecuci\u00f3n de otros programas nacionales de conservaci\u00f3n. Se evidencia un vac\u00edo administrativo al interior de las CARs en relaci\u00f3n con la ejecuci\u00f3n del PNOA, en donde las acciones ejecutadas por las mismas en relaci\u00f3n con este provienen m\u00e1s de acciones coyunturales que de la planeaci\u00f3n institucional, reflejando que este programa no ha sido asimilado a\u00fan de forma estructural.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Reyes-Amaya, Nicol\u00e1s<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Familia Ursidae: Los carn\u00edvoros terrestres y semiacu\u00e1ticos continentales de Colombia.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Los carn\u00edvoros terrestres y semiacu\u00e1ticos continentales de Colombia<\/span>, Bogot\u00e1<\/span>: Universidad Nacional de Colombia<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abEl orden Carnivora constituye uno de los grupos de fauna que m\u00e1s ha llamado la atenci\u00f3n del hombre. A trav\u00e9s de la historia, las comunidades humanas se han beneficiado de estos mam\u00edferos en varios sentidos. Muchas especies han sido cazadas con fines medicinales, de consumo, de vestido, o para ser mantenidas como mascotas. Ecol\u00f3gicamente, los carn\u00edvoros ocupan los niveles m\u00e1s altos de las cadenas tr\u00f3ficas y juegan un papel importante en el control de poblaciones de vertebrados. Adem\u00e1s, al ser considerados especies carism\u00e1ticas, los carn\u00edvoros juegan un papel importante como objetivo central de programas de conservaci\u00f3n de vida silvestre. Sin embargo, a pesar de su gran importancia econ\u00f3mica, ecol\u00f3gica y cultural, y a que ocupan todos los ecosistemas del pa\u00eds, el conocimiento sobre la ecolog\u00eda y taxonom\u00eda de este grupo de fauna es escaso y en algunos casos no confiable o verificable. Adicionalmente, en muchas ocasiones el acceso a la informaci\u00f3n es limitado o se presenta en un lenguaje complejo para la comunidad en general. Esta situaci\u00f3n dificulta la integraci\u00f3n de datos que favorezcan la implementaci\u00f3n de planes de manejo y conservaci\u00f3n en proyectos de investigaci\u00f3n y consultor\u00eda. Ante esta problem\u00e1tica, uno de los primeros pasos consiste en recopilar informaci\u00f3n que permita sentar bases para el dise\u00f1o de investigaciones, planes de manejo o programas educativos pertinentes con las necesidades del campo y el manejo de la biodiversidad. La gu\u00eda Los carn\u00edvoros terrestres y semiacu\u00e1ticos continentales de Colombia<\/i> quiere postularse como una herramienta que pueda ser utilizada por todos aquellos involucrados en el uso, el manejo y la conservaci\u00f3n de estos mam\u00edferos. A trav\u00e9s de un formato de fichas t\u00e9cnicas, la publicaci\u00f3n incluye informaci\u00f3n sobre las caracter\u00edsticas morfol\u00f3gicas, ecol\u00f3gicas y de distribuci\u00f3n para 28 especies del orden registradas en el pa\u00eds. Adem\u00e1s, se sintetizan algunos datos de los ejemplares depositados en la colecci\u00f3n de mastozoolog\u00eda del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (ICN), un patrimonio cient\u00edfico de incalculable valor para el entendimiento de la diversidad biol\u00f3gica y cultural nacional. Este ejercicio de investigaci\u00f3n y divulgaci\u00f3n cont\u00f3 con el apoyo de la Direcci\u00f3n de Bienestar Universitario de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, la cual incentiva la realizaci\u00f3n de proyectos que promuevan la difusi\u00f3n de actividades estudiantiles de car\u00e1cter social, acad\u00e9mico y cultural. Cada d\u00eda se incrementa el n\u00famero de personas que se vinculan al mundo de la mastozoolog\u00eda a trav\u00e9s de investigaciones, actividades de consultor\u00eda, espacios acad\u00e9micos o por inter\u00e9s personal. En este sentido, la gu\u00eda constituye una herramienta no solo para los mastozo\u00f3logos del pa\u00eds, sino para todos aquellos involucrados en el uso, el manejo y la conservaci\u00f3n de este grupo de fauna en el Neotr\u00f3pico. Esperamos que este trabajo sirva de ejemplo no solo sobre la importancia de las colecciones biol\u00f3gicas como fuente de informaci\u00f3n, sino tambi\u00e9n como puente entre la academia, los grupos estudiantiles y los actores involucrados en el uso y manejo de nuestra biodiversidad.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vera, Miriam<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Further data on sesamoid identity from two anuran species.»<\/strong><\/span> The Anatomical Record: advances in integrative anatomy and evolutionary biology<\/span>, 298<\/span><\/span>, 1376\u20131394<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Ter\u00e1n, Guillermo<\/a>, Susana Mangione, and Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Gill-derived glands in species of Astyanax<\/i> (Teleostei: Characidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica (Stockholm)<\/span>, 96<\/span>, 3<\/span><\/span>, 335\u2013342<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe presence of a gill-derived gland is herein reported for the first time in males of species of Astyanax<\/i> and related genera; they are described through histological cuts and SEM. The gill-derived glands described for the Characidae, when fully developed, present a similar structure in different species. The main external feature of gill-derived glands is the fusion of anteriormost gill filaments on the ventral branch of first gill arch. This fusion is caused by squamous stratified epithelial tissue that covers adjacent filaments, forming a series of chambers. In the region where the gill-derived gland develops, the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments are much reduced or completely atrophied being characterized by the presence of glandular cells forming nests.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Higher taxa and the identification of areas of endemism.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 31<\/span><\/span>, 568\u2013572<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abQuantitative analyses of areas of endemism have rarely considered higher taxa. This paper discusses aspects related to the use of higher taxa in the analysis of areas of endemism, and computer implementations. An example of the application of the method is provided, with a data set for Nearctic mammals, showing that some of the areas recognized by species-level taxa also adjust well to the distribution of other taxa of higher level (genera, monophyletic groups).\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Amador, Lucila<\/a>, Virginia Abdala, and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Homology of the chiropteran \u201cdactylopatagium\u201d brevis.»<\/strong><\/span> Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift f\u00fcr S\u00e4ugetierkunde<\/span>, 80<\/span> (6)<\/span><\/span>: 447\u2013450<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abBats possess a series of patagial tracts that together act as an aerofoil for powered flight. Here we discuss the homology of a small portion of the patagium, the brevis section, traditionally assigned as a part of the handwing (dactilopatagium). Using dissected specimens and literature references we show that the muscle occipitopollicalis, a morphological marker of the propatagium, extends into the brevis section in a variety of bats. This led us to conclude that the brevis section is in fact a part of the propatagium, which is also supported by developmental evidence.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Identifying unstable taxa: efficient implementation of triplet-based measures of stability, and comparison with Phyutility<\/i> and RogueNaRok<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/span>, 88<\/span><\/span>, 93\u2013104<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThis paper describes an efficient implementation of triplet-based measures of stability, in the program\r\nTNT<\/i>. The only available implementations of such measures are much slower than the present one, either\r\nbecause of an inefficient implementation (Phyutility, Thor<\/i>) or because the stability is evaluated with\r\nquartets (RogueNaRok<\/i>, requiring O(t4), instead of the O(t3) possible for triplets). The method to quickly\r\ncalculate triplets is applied to solving IterPCR (Pol and Escapa, 2009). It is shown that, in some cases,\r\nIterPCR or other algorithms in the program TNT<\/i> (e.g. commands prunnelsen, prunmajor, or chkmoves)\r\nproduce more informative results than analysis with RogueNaRok<\/i>.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Reyes-Amaya, Nicol\u00e1s<\/a>, Diego Guti\u00e9rrez-Sanabria, Yeimy Castillo Navarro, Ra\u00fal Rodr\u00edguez, and Tinka Plese<\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Informaci\u00f3n demogr\u00e1fica de Bradypus variegatus<\/i>, Choloepus hoffmanni<\/i> y Cyclopes didactylus<\/i> (Xenarthra: Pilosa) en un bosque h\u00famedo tropical secundario de Santander, Colombia.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Mastozoolog\u00eda Neotropical<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abDurante cinco meses (febrero\u2013junio 2014) se rescat\u00f3 y reubic\u00f3 fauna como parte de las labores de adecuaci\u00f3n del vaso del embalse del Proyecto Hidroel\u00e9ctrico Sogamoso (Santander-Colombia). Se realizaron 71 capturas de especies del orden Pilosa, que correspondieron a densidades de 0.4, 0.35 y 0.06 (ind\/ha) para Bradypus variegatus, Choloepus hofmanni<\/i> y Cyclopes didactylus<\/i>, respectivamente. La proporci\u00f3n de sexos fue 1?:1? para B. variegatus<\/i> y 1?:2.2? para C. hofmanni<\/i>. El cuidado de cr\u00edas se observ\u00f3 entre marzo y junio para B. variegatus<\/i> y C. hofmanni<\/i>, mientras que la gestaci\u00f3n solo en mayo para C. hofmanni<\/i>. Se recomienda documentar los rescates de fauna, minimizando la p\u00e9rdida de datos biol\u00f3gicos valiosos de las especies afectadas.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vicente, Natalin<\/a> and Monique Halloy<\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Male headbob display structure in a neotropical lizard, Liolaemus pacha<\/i> (Iguania: Liolaemidae): relation to social context.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Journal<\/span>, 25<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 49\u201353<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Grosso, Jimena<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Tadpole morphology of Leptodactylus plaumanni<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with comments on the phylogenetic significance of larval characters in Leptodactylus<\/i>.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda<\/span>, 29<\/span> (2)<\/span><\/span>: 117\u2013129<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abIn this paper I summarize the morphology of the Leptodactylus plaumanni<\/i> tadpoles, describing the external morphology, buccal cavity, and cranial skeleton and associated muscles. A distinctive combination of traits include the truncated snout in dorsal view, dorsal fin originated anterior to the body-tail junction, submarginal papillae present in some specimens, two slight indentations in the lower lip, ceratobranchial III free from the hypobranchial plate, small ventrolateral projections of the corpus of the suprarostral cartilage, m. subarcualis rectus I with three heads, and m. subarcualis rectus II\u2013IV inserting in ceratobranchial I and connective tissue between branchial processes II and III. The buccal cavity shares the typical features in species of the group, namely four lingual papillae, two pairs of infralabial papillae, two postnarial papillae, and one pair of not branched lateral ridge papillae. Attending to the increasing role of larval characters in phylogenetic analyses, further research is needed to understand the evolution of tadpole morphology in this genus.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Rossa-Feres, D.C., M. Venesky, F. Nomura, P.C. Eterovick, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, M. Menin, F.A. Junc\u00e1, L.C. Schiesari, C.F.B. Haddad, M.V. Garey, L.A. dos Anjos, and R. Wassersug<\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «Taking tadpole biology into the 21st century: a consensus paper from the First Tadpoles International Workshop.»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetologia Brasileira<\/span>, 4<\/span><\/span>, 48\u201359<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Catalano, Santiago<\/a>, Marcos Ercoli, and Francisco Prevosti<\/u><\/span>. 2015<\/span>. «The more, the better: the use of multiple landmark configurations to solve the phylogenetic relationships in musteloids.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 64<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 294\u2013306<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abAlthough the use of landmark data to study shape changes along a phylogenetic tree has become a common practice in evolutionary studies, the role of this sort of data for the inference of phylogenetic relationships remains under debate. Theoretical issues aside, the very existence of historical information in landmark data has been challenged, since phylogenetic analyses have often shown little congruence with alternative sources of evidence. However, most analyses conducted in the past were based upon a single landmark configuration, leaving it unsettled whether the incorporation of multiple configurations may improve the rather poor performance of this data source in most previous phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, we present a phylogenetic analysis of landmark data that combines information derived from several skeletal structures to derive a phylogenetic tree for musteloids. The analysis includes nine configurations\r\nrepresenting different skeletal structures for 24 species. The resulting tree presents several notable concordances with phylogenetic hypotheses derived from molecular data. In particular, Mephitidae, Procyonidae, and Lutrinae plus the genera Martes<\/i>, Mustela<\/i>, Galictis<\/i>, and Procyon<\/i> were retrieved as monophyletic. In addition, other groupings were in agreement with molecular phylogenies or presented only minor discordances. Complementary analyses have also indicated that the results improve substantially when an increasing number of landmark configurations are included in the analysis. The results presented here thus highlight the importance of combining information from multiple structures to derive phylogenetic\r\nhypotheses from landmark data.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vicente, Natalin<\/a> and Monique Halloy<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Liolaemus pacha<\/i>. Diet.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Review<\/span>, 45<\/span> (4)<\/span><\/span>: 697<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Oblong<\/i>, a program to analyze phylogenomic data sets with millions of characters, requiring negligible amounts of RAM.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 30<\/span><\/span>, 273\u2013281<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abOblong<\/i>, a program with very low memory requirements, is presented. It is designed for parsimony analysis of data sets comprising many characters for moderate numbers of taxa (the order of up to a few hundred). The program can avoid using vast amounts of RAM by temporarily saving data to disk buffers, only parts of which are periodically read back in by the program. In this way, the entire data set is never held in RAM by the program\u2014only small parts of it. While using disk files to store the data slows down searches, it does so only by a relatively small factor (4\u00d7 to 5\u00d7), because the program minimizes the number of times the data must be accessed (i.e. read back in) during tree searches. Thus, even if the program is not designed primarily for speed, runtimes are within an order of magnitude of those of the fastest existing parsimony programs.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «A new species of the genus Actinopus<\/i> (Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae) from Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Arachnologica<\/span>, 63<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 73\u201377<\/span>. Jap\u00f3n<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA new species of the spider genus Actinopus<\/i> Perty 1833 from Northwestern Argentina is described\u2014Actinopus goloboffi<\/i> sp. nov. This is the second species described from the genus in the country. Detailed morphological descriptions of both sexes, illustrations and geographic distribution of the new species are presented.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Mark Simmons<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Bias in tree searches and its consequences for measuring groups supports.»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 63<\/span><\/span>, 851\u2013861<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abWhen doing a bootstrap analysis with a single tree saved per pseudoreplicate, biased search algorithms may influence support values more than actual properties of the data set. Two methods commonly used for finding phylogenetic trees consist of randomizing the input order of species in multiple addition sequences followed by branch swapping, or using random trees as the starting point for branch swapping. The randomness inherent to such methods is assumed to eliminate any consistent preferences for some trees or unsupported groups of taxa, but both methods can be significantly biased. In the case of trees created by sequentially adding taxa, a bias may occur even if every addition sequence is equiprobable, and if one of the equally optimal positions for each terminal to add to the tree is selected equiprobably. In the case of branch swapping, the bias can happen even when branch swapping equiprobably selects any of the trees of better score in the subtree-pruning-regrafting-neighborhood or tree-bisection-reconnection-neighborhood. Consequently, when the data set is ambiguous, both random-addition sequences and branch swapping from random trees may (i) find some of the optimal trees much more frequently than others and (ii) find some groups with a frequency that differs from their frequency among all optimal trees. When the data set defines a single optimal tree, the groups present in that tree may have a different probability of being found by a search, even if supported by equal amounts of evidence. This may happen in both parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses, and even in small data sets without incongruence.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Baldo, D., Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, B. Haad, F. Kolenc, C. Borteiro, M.O. Pereyra, C. Zank, P. Colombo, M.R. Bornschein, F. Netto Sisa, F. Brusquetti, C.E. Conte, P. Nogueira-Costa, P. Almeida-Santos, and M.R. Pie<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Comparative morphology of pond, stream and phytotelm-dwelling tadpoles of the South American Redbelly Toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Melanophryniscus<\/i>).»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 112<\/span><\/span>, 417\u2013441<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Simmons, Mark and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Dubious resolution and support from published sparse supermatrices: the importance of thorough tree searches.»<\/strong><\/span> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/span>, 78<\/span><\/span>, 334\u2013348<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abWe re-analyzed 10 sparse supermatrices wherein the original authors relied primarily or entirely upon\r\nmaximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses implemented in RAxML and quantified branch support using\r\nthe bootstrap. We compared the RAxML-based topologies and bootstrap values with both superficial- and relatively thorough-tree-search parsimony topologies and bootstrap values. We tested for clades that were resolved by RAxML but properly unsupported by checking if the SH-like aLRT equals zero and\/or if the parsimony-optimized minimum branch length equals zero. Four of our conclusions are as follows. (1) Despite sampling nearly 50,000 characters, highly supported branches in a RAxML tree may be entirely unsupported because of missing data. (2) One should not rely entirely upon RAxML SH-like aLRT, RAxML bootstrap, or superficial parsimony bootstrap methods to rigorously quantify branch support for sparse supermatrices. (3) A fundamental factor that favors thorough parsimony analyses of sparse supermatrices is being able to distinguish between clades that are unequivocally supported by the data from those that are not; superficial likelihood analyses that quantify branch support using the bootstrap cannot be relied upon to always make this distinction. (4) The SH-like aLRT and parsimony-optimized minimum-branch-length tests generally identify the same properly unsupported clades; the latter is a more severe test.\r\n\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Extended implied weighting.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 30<\/span><\/span>, 260\u2013272<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abSeveral extensions to implied weighting, recently implemented in TNT<\/i>, allow a better treatment of data sets combining morphological and molecular data sets, as well as those comprising large numbers of missing entries (e.g. palaeontological matrices, or combined matrices with some genes sequenced for few taxa). As there have been recent suggestions that molecular matrices may be better analysed using equal weights (rather than implied weighting), a simple way to apply implied weighting to only some characters (e.g. morphology), leaving other characters with a constant weight (e.g. molecules), is proposed. The new methods also allow weighting entire partitions according to their average homoplasy, giving each of the characters in the partition the same weight (this can be used for dynamically weighting, e.g. entire genes, or first, second, and third positions collectively). Such an approach is easily implemented in schemes like successive weighting, but in the case of implied weighting poses some particular problems. The approach has the peculiar implication that the inclusion of uninformative characters influences the results (by influencing the implied weights for the partitions). Last, the concern that characters with many missing entries may receive artificially inflated weights (because they necessarily display less homoplasy) can be solved by allowing the use of different weighting functions for different characters, in such a way that the cost of additional transformations decreases more rapidly for characters with more missing entries (thus effectively assuming that the unobserved entries are likely to also display some unobserved homoplasy). The conceptual and practical aspects of all these problems, as well as details of the implementation in TNT<\/i>, are discussed.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Dos Santos, Daniel, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Tulli, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Fibrillar organization in tendons: a pattern revealed by percolation characteristics of the respective geometric network.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Network Biology<\/span>, 4<\/span> (2)<\/span><\/span>: 31\u201346<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Hide and vanish: data sets where the most parsimonious tree is known but hard to find, and their implications for tree search methods.»<\/strong><\/span> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/span>, 79<\/span><\/span>, 118\u2013131<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThree different types of data sets, for which the uniquely most parsimonious tree can be known exactly\r\nbut is hard to find with heuristic tree search methods, are studied. Tree searches are complicated more by the shape of the tree landscape (i.e. the distribution of homoplasy on different trees) than by the sheer abundance of homoplasy or character conflict. Data sets of Type 1 are those constructed by Radel et al. (2013). Data sets of Type 2 present a very rugged landscape, with narrow peaks and valleys, but relatively low amounts of homoplasy. For such a tree landscape, subjecting the trees to TBR and saving suboptimal trees produces much better results when the sequence of clipping for the tree branches is randomized instead of fixed. An unexpected finding for data sets of Types 1 and 2 is that starting a search from a random tree instead of a random addition sequence Wagner tree may increase the probability that the search finds the most parsimonious tree; a small artificial example where these probabilities can be calculated exactly is presented. Data sets of Type 3, the most difficult data sets studied here, comprise only congruent characters, and a single island with only one most parsimonious tree. Even if there is a single island, missing entries create a very flat landscape which is difficult to traverse with tree search algorithms because the number of equally parsimonious trees that need to be saved and swapped to effectively move around the plateaus is too large. Minor modifications of the parameters of tree drifting, ratchet, and sectorial searches allow travelling around these plateaus much more efficiently than saving and swapping large numbers of equally parsimonious trees with TBR. For these data sets, two new related criteria for selecting taxon addition sequences in Wagner trees (the \u2018\u2018selected\u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018informative\u2019\u2019 addition sequences) produce much better results than the standard random or closest addition sequences. These new methods for Wagner trees and for moving around plateaus can be useful when analyzing phylogenomic data sets formed by concatenation of genes with uneven taxon representation (\u2018\u2018sparse\u2019\u2019 supermatrices), which are likely to present a tree landscape with extensive plateaus.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Cristian <\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Los \u00faltimos 30 a\u00f1os de estudios de la familia de lagartijas m\u00e1s diversa de Argentina. Actualizaci\u00f3n taxon\u00f3mica y sistem\u00e1tica de Liolaemidae.»<\/strong><\/span> Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda<\/span>, 28<\/span><\/span>, 55\u201382<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Haidr, Nadia<\/a> and Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Miocene Patagonian penguins: Craniomandibular morphology and functional mechanics.»<\/strong><\/span> Alcheringa<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Cristian <\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «New Patagonian species of Liolaemus<\/i> (Iguania: Liolaemidae) and novelty in the lepidosis of the southernmost lizard of the world: Liolaemus magellanicus<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> South American Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 3866<\/span><\/span>, 526\u2013542<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara<\/a>, Luis Chiappe, and Gerald Mayr<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, flying palaeognathous birds from the New World.»<\/strong><\/span> Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 172<\/span><\/span>, 145\u2013184<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abTinamous, one of the earliest diverging living avian lineages, consists of a Neotropical clade of palaeognathous birds with a fossil record limited to the early Miocene\u2013Quaternary of southern South America. Here, we conduct a comprehensive, morphology-based phylogenetic study of the interrelationships among extinct and living species of tinamous. Morphological data of fossil species are included in a matrix of 157 osteological and myological characters of 56 terminal taxa. The monophyly of most recognized genera is supported by the results of the analysis. The cladistic analysis also recovers the traditional subdivision between those tinamous specialized for open areas (Nothurinae) and those inhabiting forested environments (Tinaminae). Temporal calibration of the resultant phylogeny indicates that such a basal divergence had already taken place in the early Miocene, some 17 million years ago. The placement of the fossil species within the open-area (Nothurinae) and the forest-dwelling (Tinaminae) tinamous is also consistent with the palaeoenvironmental conditions inferred from the associated fauna.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vera, Miriam<\/a> and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Skeletogenesis in anurans: cranial and postcranial development in metamorphic and postmetamorphic stages of Leptodactylus bufonius<\/i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica (Stockholm)<\/span>, 95<\/span><\/span>, 44\u201362<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

de S\u00e1, Rafael, Taran Grant, Arley Camargo, W. Ronald Heyer, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Edward Stanley<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «Systematics of the Neotropical genus Leptodactylus<\/i> Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae): phylogeny, the relevance of non-molecular evidence, and species accounts.»<\/strong><\/span> South American Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 9<\/span><\/span>, 1\u2013128<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Haad, MB, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, and D. Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2014<\/span>. «The stream tadpoles of Rhinella rumbolli<\/i> (Anura: Bufonidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetologica<\/span>, 70<\/span><\/span>, 184\u2013197<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Oblong<\/i>, program for parsimony analysis with minimum RAM requirements.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Regina Gabriela Medina<\/a>, Cecilia Guerra, and Ezequiel Ar\u00e1oz<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Amphibian abnormalities: historical records of a museum collection in Tucum\u00e1n Province, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> The Herpetological Journal<\/span>, 23<\/span>, 4<\/span><\/span>, 193\u2013202<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Regina Gabriela Medina<\/a>, Cecilia Guerra, and Ezequiel Ar\u00e1oz<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Amphibian abnormalities: historical records of a museum collection in Tucum\u00e1n Province, Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> The Herpetological Journal<\/span>, 23<\/span>, 4<\/span><\/span>, 193\u2013202<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Simmons, Mark and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «An artifact caused by undersampling optimal trees in supermatrix analyses of locally sampled characters.»<\/strong><\/span> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/span>, 69<\/span><\/span>, 265\u2013275<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abEmpirical and simulated examples are used to demonstrate an artifact caused by undersampling optimal\r\ntrees in data matrices that consist mostly or entirely of locally sampled (as opposed to globally, for most\r\nor all terminals) characters. The artifact is that unsupported clades consisting entirely of terminals scored\r\nfor the same locally sampled partition may be resolved and assigned high resampling support\u2014despite\r\ntheir being properly unsupported (i.e., not resolved in the strict consensus of all optimal trees). This artifact occurs despite application of random-addition sequences for stepwise terminal addition. The artifact is not necessarily obviated with thorough conventional branch swapping methods (even tree-bisectionreconnection) when just a single tree is held, as is sometimes implemented in parsimony bootstrap pseudoreplicates, and in every GARLI, PhyML, and RAxML pseudoreplicate and search for the most likely tree for the matrix as a whole. Hence GARLI, RAxML, and PhyML-based likelihood results require extra scrutiny, particularly when they provide high resolution and support for clades that are entirely unsupported by methods that perform more thorough searches, as in most parsimony analyses.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara , Bent Lindow, Gareth Dyke, and Gerald Mayr<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Another Charadriiform-like bird from the Lower Eocene of Denmark.»<\/strong><\/span> Paleontological Journal<\/span>, 47<\/span><\/span>, 1282\u20131301<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abWe describe an exceptionally well-preserved partial skeleton of a new bird from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Like other fossils from these marine deposits, the partial skeleton is three-dimensionally preserved and articulated. This new Danish specimen consists of a skull, vertebral column, ribs, pelvis, and hindlimbs. Concerning characters of the pelvis, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, the new fossil bears morphological affinities to charadriiform birds (shorebirds and relatives). A phylogenetic analysis of higher neomithine (modern birds) taxa also supports a close relationship between the new specimen and modern Charadriiformes. The morphologies of the skull and vertebrae, however, distinguish the new fossil from all recent charadriiform families.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Aaagesen, Lone, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Consensus in the search for areas of endemism.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Biogeography<\/span>, 20<\/span><\/span>, 2011\u20132016<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abFor ambiguous data sets, methods to determine areas of endemism based on an optimality criterion may result in large numbers of candidate areas, and thus some kind of consensus technique is required to summarize those results. This paper presents a formal description of two possible algorithms or rules for area consensus, which merge candidate areas if they share a user-defined\r\npercentage of the species that define each candidate area. The two consensus rules summarize ambiguity in different ways. Applying the \u2018tight\u2019 rule will result in consensus areas defined by species present in nearly all cells, but in cases where there is significant conflict the result may be a high number of distinct consensus areas. The \u2018loose\u2019 consensus rule is more agglomerative and will result in fewer consensus areas, combining areas when overlapping distribution patterns exist. Depending on the aim and scale of the analysis, the two consensus rules can be used either to delimit areas of endemism with sharp boundaries or to identify diffuse and gradually replacing biogeographical patterns. These two different approaches are discussed and demonstrated using real data. \u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Segura, Valentina<\/a>, Francisco Prevosti, and Guillermo Cassini<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Cranial ontogeny in the Puma<\/i> lineage, Puma concolor<\/i>, Herpailurus yagouaroundi<\/i>, and Acinonyx jubatus<\/i> (Carnivora: Felidae): a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 169<\/span><\/span>, 235\u2013250<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe Puma<\/i> lineage is a monophyletic group that includes three living species: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi<\/i>, and Acinonyx jubatus<\/i>. It has been analysed from ecological and taxonomic perspectives, but their cranial ontogeny has been poorly studied. In this study, we assessed the cranial shape and size variation through three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques, and explored the acquisition of definitive shape and size in relation to key life-history events. Each species occupied different locations in the shape morphospace: A. jubatus<\/i> and P. concolor<\/i> showed shorter and wider skulls, with more expanded zygomatic arches, than H. yagouaroundi, which presented the most divergent pattern of change. Ontogeny was more similar between P. concolor<\/i> and A. jubatus<\/i> than between the closely related P. concolor<\/i> and H. yagouaroundi<\/i>. The evolution of ontogenetic change in the lineage seems to be more influenced by size. Changes detected between juvenile and adult skulls enhanced predatory skills, coincident with the change from a diet of milk to a carnivorous diet. Change patterns suggest that the skull is not morphologically conservative in the lineage, in contrast with other carnivores such as canids and hyaenids. The enlargement of the rostrum observed in some canids and the reinforcement of the bite mechanism of hyaenids were not detected in this group.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Halloy, Monique, Cecilia Robles, Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Salica, Romina Semhan<\/a>, Viviana Ju\u00e1rez Heredia, and Natalin Vicente<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Estudios de comportamiento y ecolog\u00eda de lagartijas de los g\u00e9neros Liolaemus<\/i> y Phymaturus<\/i> (Iguania: Liolaemini).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda<\/span>, 27<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 15\u201326<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Alvarez, Anal\u00eda, Santiago Catalano<\/a>, and Maria Amoroso<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Heavy metal resistant strains are widespread along Streptomyces<\/i> phylogeny.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/span>, 66<\/span><\/span>, 1083\u20131088<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Grismado, Cristian and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Mecicobothriidae, Hexathelidae, Dipluridae.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Biodiversidad de Artr\u00f3podos Argentinos<\/span><\/span>, 95\u2013101<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Grismado, Cristian and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Nemesiidae, Microstigmatidae.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Biodiversidad de Artr\u00f3podos Argentinos<\/span><\/span>, 111\u2013117<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Manzano, Adriana, Virginia Abdala, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and M\u00f3nica Soliz<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Ontogeny and tissue differentiation of the pelvic girdle and hind limbs of anurans.»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica (Stockholm)<\/span>, 94<\/span><\/span>, 420\u2013436<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Escapa, Ignacio and Santiago Catalano<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Phylogenetic analysis of Araucariaceae: integrating molecules, morphology, and fossils in conifer evolution studies.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> International Journal of Plant Science<\/span>, 174<\/span><\/span>, 1153\u20131170<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Reyes-Amaya, Nicol\u00e1s<\/a> and Adriana Jerez<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Postnatal cranial ontogeny of the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus<\/i> (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Chiroptera Neotropical<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abCranial suture closures, major changes in skull shape, and the relation between the ectocraneal skull elements are examined through a qualitative study for the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus<\/i>. Most sutures remain long open, followed by abrupt changes in its morphology and development, acquiring more complex interdigitated shapes and fusing bone elements in subadult and adult age categories. The frontal bone reveals a double origin not yet reported in chiropterans. The deciduous dental formula shows the double of incisors than the definitive, with the total four deciduous incisors retained in front of the two total definitive ones already erupted until sub-adultness. The skull size and shape mainly vary because the composed frontal and premaxillary elongate, the bones don\u2019t overlap anymore and bone processes occur on the preorbital, the frontal, and the occipital regions. All these characteristics are thought to be tightly related with the requirements of the obligate sanguivory.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Grismado, Cristian and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Rastelloidina.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Biodiversidad de Artr\u00f3podos Argentinos<\/span><\/span>, 103\u2013110<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Prevosti, Francisco, Valentina Segura<\/a>, Guillermo Cassini, and Gabriel Martin<\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Revision of the systematic status of patagonian and pampean gray foxes (Canidae: Lycalopex griseus<\/i> and L. gymnocercus<\/i>) using 3D Geometric Morphometrics.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Mastozoolog\u00eda Neotropical<\/span>, 20<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 289\u2013300<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abArgentinean \u201czorros de campo\u201d are currently included in two species: Lycalopex griseus<\/i> and L. gymnocercus. Lycalopex gymnocercus<\/i> lives in northern Patagonia and in most of central and northern Argentina. Lycalopex griseus<\/i> is smaller and lives in Patagonia and throughout western Argentina. A previous traditional morphometric study using cranio-dental measurements considered both forms to be the same species, showing clinal reduction in size from northeastern to southwestern Argentina. Here we tested the synonymy of these foxes and the existence of clinal variation using a large sample and geometric morphometric methods. Our results rejected the separation of these foxes in two different species and confirmed, based on cranium and mandible size and shape that they belong to the same species. Also, we show there is a clinal variation in size that has an allometric component in cranial and mandibular shape, which accounts for the differences between these foxes.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Segura, Valentina<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «Skull ontogeny of Lycalopex culpaeus<\/i> (Carnivora: Canidae): description of cranial traits and craniofacial sutures.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Mammalia<\/span>, 77<\/span>, 2<\/span><\/span>, 205\u2013214<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abOntogenetic changes in the skull of Lycalopex culpaeus<\/i> were studied in relation to feeding function and\r\nperformance at different age classes. Most cranial changes occurred in the orbitotemporal region and consisted of the visible appearance of structures that were later found to be absent in juveniles. These changes were related to the development of the adult skull in order to capture, kill, and process prey. In general, fusion occurred earlier\r\nin neurocranial sutures than in the splachnocranium, although rostral sutures never became fused. The cranial\r\nsutures of culpeo are conservative, displaying few changes in suture type but some in suture fusion sequence. These modifications occur during the first year, from the late juvenile stages, when individuals are similar to adults in general appearance and body size as well as in skull size. However, it was noted that basicranial synchondroses\r\nbecame fused in the adult stages, indicating that longitudinal growth could extend until this latter time. This could\r\nbe indicative not only of size change in adult specimens but also of shape change.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Kolenc, F., C. Borteiro, L. Cotichelli, D. Baldo, C. Mart\u00ednez Debat, and Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2013<\/span>. «The tadpole and karyotype of Rhinella achavali<\/i> (Anura: Bufonidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 47<\/span><\/span>, 599\u2013606<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Santiago Catalano<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «GB<\/i>-to-TNT<\/i>, program to create TNT<\/i> files from GenBank<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> http:\/\/www.lillo.org.ar\/phylogeny\/tnt\/files\/GenBank-to-TNT.zip<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Santiago Catalano<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «GB<\/i>-to-TNT<\/i>: facilitating creation of matrices from GenBank<\/i> and diagnosis of results in TNT<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 28<\/span><\/span>, 503\u2013513<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThis paper presents a pipeline, implemented in an open-source program called GBfiTNT<\/i> (GenBank<\/i>-to-TNT<\/i>), for creating large molecular matrices, starting from GenBank<\/i> files and finishing with TNT<\/i> matrices which incorporate taxonomic information in the terminal names. GBfiTNT<\/i> is designed to retrieve a defined genomic region from a bulk of sequences included in a GenBank<\/i> file. The user defines the genomic region to be retrieved and several filters (genome, length of the sequence, taxonomic group, etc.); each genomic region represents a different data block in the final TNT<\/i> matrix. GBfiTNT<\/i> first generates Fasta files from the input GenBank<\/i> files, then creates an alignment for each of those (by calling an alignment program), and finally merges all the aligned files into a single TNT<\/i> matrix. The new version of TNT<\/i> can make use of the taxonomic information contained in the terminal names, allowing easy diagnosis of results, evaluation of fit between the trees and the taxonomy, and automatic labelling or colouring of tree branches with the taxonomic groups they represent.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Segura, Valentina<\/a> and Francisco Prevosti<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «A quantitative approach to the cranial ontogeny of Lycalopex culpaeus<\/i> (Carnivora: Canidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zoomorphology<\/span>, 131<\/span><\/span>, 79\u201392<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Daza, Juan, Virginia Abdala, J. Salvador Arias<\/a>, Daniel Garcia-Lopez, and Pablo Ortiz<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Cladistic analysis of Iguania and a fossil lizard from the Late Pliocene of northwestern Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 46<\/span><\/span>, 104\u2013119<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abDescribimos restos fragmentarios de un lagarto f\u00f3sil procedente de la Formaci\u00f3n Uqu\u00eda (Plioceno Tard\u00edo) en la Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina. El material consiste de huesos craneales desarticulados del hocico y la mand\u00edbula que fueron recuperados de un ensamble f\u00f3sil de microvertebrados, el cual es una acumulaci\u00f3n de egagr\u00f3pilas generado por la actividad tr\u00f3fica de aves depredadoras. El an\u00e1lisis filogen\u00e9tico de 396 caracteres morfol\u00f3gicos indica que el nuevo tax\u00f3n es el grupo hermano de un clado formado por las familias Liolaemidae, Leiocephalidae y Tropiduridae. La posici\u00f3n dudosa de este f\u00f3sil y las substanciales diferencias morfol\u00f3gicas justifican clasificarlo como un g\u00e9nero nuevo. Incluimos una descripci\u00f3n morfol\u00f3gica detallada del material f\u00f3sil y comparamos su anatom\u00eda con otros miembros de Iguanoidea. En el contexto de este nuevo an\u00e1lisis de Iguania, incluimos a Pristiguana brasiliensis<\/i>, el cual hasta hoy es el iguanio m\u00e1s viejo que se conoce de Am\u00e9rica del Sur. Los resultados de este an\u00e1lisis filogen\u00e9tico apoyan el estatus monofil\u00e9tico de Iguanoidea y de otros grupos dentro de Iguania, los cuales se definen y diagnostican.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, C., L. Aagesen, D. Casagranda, V. Arzamendia, D. Baldo, L. Claps, F. Cuezzo, J. D\u00edaz-G\u00f3mez, A. DiGiacomo, A. Giraudo, P. Goloboff, C. Gramajo, C. Kopuchian, S. Kretzschmar, M. Lizarralde, M. Molina, M. Mollerach, F. Navarro, S. Nomdedeu, A. Panizza, V. Pereyra, M. Sandoval, Gustavo Scrocchi<\/a>, and F. Zuloaga<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Detecting areas of endemism with a taxonomically diverse data set: plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and insects from Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 28<\/span><\/span>, 317\u2013329<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe idea of an area of endemism implies that different groups of plants and animals should have largely coincident distributions. This paper analyses an area of 1152 000 km\u00b2, between parallels 21 and 32 S and meridians 70 and 53 W to examine whether a large and taxonomically diverse data set actually displays areas supported by different groups. The data set includes the distribution of 805 species of plants (45 families), mammals (25 families), reptiles (six families), amphibians (five families), birds (18 families), and insects (30 families), and is analysed with the optimality criterion (based on the notion of endemism) implemented in the program NDM\/VNDM<\/i>. Almost 50% of the areas obtained are supported by three or more major groups; areas supported by fewer major groups generally contain species from different genera, families, or orders.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goldberg, J., Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, and M. Akmentins<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Direct-developing frogs: ontogeny of Oreobates barituensis<\/i> (Anura: Terrarana) and the development of a novel trait.»<\/strong><\/span> Amphibia-Reptilia<\/span>, 33<\/span><\/span>, 239\u2013250<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Mart\u00ednez, Juan, Carolina Berta<\/a>, Laura Varone, Guillermo Logarzo, Paula Zamudio, Alejandro Zald\u00edvar-River\u00f3n , and Gabriela Aguilar-Velasco<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «DNA barcoding and morphological\r\nidentification of Argentine species of Apanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)\r\nparasitoids of cactus feeding moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae), with\r\ndescription of a new species.»<\/strong><\/span> Invertebrate Systematics<\/span>, 26<\/span><\/span>, 435\u2013444<\/span>. Australia<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Mart\u00ednez, Juan <\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «DNA barcoding and morphological identification of Argentine species of Apanteles<\/i> (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids of cactus feeding moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae), with description of a new species.»<\/strong><\/span> Invertebrate Systematics<\/span>, 26<\/span><\/span>, 435\u2013444<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Embioptera.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Insetos do Brasil, Diversidade e Taxonomia<\/span><\/span>, 348\u2013354<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Casagranda, Dolores, Leila Taher, and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Endemicity analysis, parsimony and biotic elements: a formal comparison using hypothetical distributions.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 28<\/span><\/span>, 645\u2013654<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Haidr, Nadia<\/a> and Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Feeding habits of Antarctic Eocene penguins from a morphofunctional perspective.»<\/strong><\/span> Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie - Abhandlungen<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Pucci Alcaide, Ana, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, Franco Pucci Alcaide, and Mar\u00eda Alcaide<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Histolog\u00eda de ovario en hembras vitelog\u00e9nicas de Leptodactylus latinasus<\/i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Lilloana<\/span>, 56<\/span> (1-2)<\/span><\/span>: 44\u201353<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Rimbach, Rebecca, Alejandra Pardo-Mart\u00ednez, Andr\u00e9s Montes, and Andr\u00e9s Link<\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Interspecific infanticide and infant-directed aggression by spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus<\/i>) in a fragmented forest in Colombia.»<\/strong><\/span> American Journal of Primatology<\/span>, 76<\/span> (1-8)<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Abdala, Virginia and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Life in the slow lane: the effect of reduced mobility on tadpole limb development.»<\/strong><\/span> The Anatomical Record: advances in integrative anatomy and evolutionary biology<\/span>, 295<\/span><\/span>, 5\u201317<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «New species of Chilean Hexathelidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae).»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 3422<\/span><\/span>, 32\u201351<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abSeveral new species of Hexathelidae Simon (1892) from Chile are described. In Scotinoecus<\/i> Simon (1892), a new species (S. ruiles<\/i>) is described using females; a new species (S. major<\/i>) is proposed for the male previously misidentified as S. cinereopilosus<\/i> (Simon, 1889), and females are described; the male of S. cinereopilosus<\/i> is described for the first time. In Mediothele<\/i>, the female of M. australis<\/i> is described for the first time, as well as five new species (M. minima, M. linares, M. nahuelbuta, M. anae<\/i> and M. lagos<\/i>); all are based solely on females from Southern and Central Chile. The known geographic distributions of both genera are increased.\u00bb<\/div>

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Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a> and Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Patterns of skull development in anurans: size and shape relationship during postmetamorphic cranial ontogeny in five species of the Leptodactylus fuscus<\/i> group (Anura: Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Zoomorphology<\/span>, 131<\/span><\/span>, 349\u2013362<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a> and Jos\u00e9 Sebasti\u00e1n Barrionuevo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Sexual dimorphism in Leptodactylus latinasus<\/i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae): nasal capsule anatomy,morphometric characters and performance associated with burrowing behavior.»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica (Stockholm)<\/span>, 93<\/span><\/span>, 57\u201367<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Catalano, Santiago<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2012<\/span>. «Simultaneously mapping and superimposing landmark configurations with parsimony as optimality criterion.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 61<\/span>, 3<\/span><\/span>, 392<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abAll methods proposed to date for mapping landmark configurations on a phylogenetic tree start from an alignment generated by methods that make no use of phylogenetic information, usually by superimposing all configurations against a consensus configuration. In order to properly interpret differences between landmark configurations along the tree as changes in shape, the metric chosen to define the ancestral assignments should also form the basis to superimpose the configurations. Thus, we present here a method that merges both steps, map and align, into a single procedure that (for the given tree) produces a multiple alignment and ancestral assignments such that the sum of the Euclidean distances between the corresponding landmarks along tree nodes is minimized. This approach is an extension of the method proposed by Catalano et al.<\/i> (2010. Phylogenetic morphometrics (I): the use of landmark data in a phylogenetic framework. Cladistics<\/i>. 26:539\u2013549) for mapping landmark data with parsimony as optimality criterion. In the context of phylogenetics, this method allows maximizing the degree to which similarity in landmark positions can be accounted for by common ancestry. In the context of morphometrics, this approach guarantees (heuristics aside) that all the transformations inferred on the tree represent changes in shape. The performance of the method was evaluated on different data sets, indicating that the method produces marked improvements in tree score (up to 5% compared with generalized superimpositions, up to 11% compared with ordinary superimpositions). These empirical results stress the importance of incorporating the phylogenetic information into the alignment step.\u00bb<\/div>

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Bertelli, Sara<\/a>, Luis Chiappe, and Gerald Mayr<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «A new Messel rail from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark (Aves, Messelornithidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Systematic Palaeontology<\/span>, 9<\/span><\/span>, 551\u2013562<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA new fossil bird is described from the marine beds of the marine beds of the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Pellornis mikkelseni<\/i> n. gen. et sp. is represented by a single specimen that consists of three-dimensionally preserved elements of the wing and pectoral girdle together with associated parts of the left hindlimb. Comparisons based on general morphology and particularly characters of the wing and most elements of the pectoral girdle indicate that the new specimen is morphologically similar to the extinct taxon Messelornithidae (Messel rails). This similarity is also expressed by a phylogenetic analysis, which supports a close relationship between the new fossil and Messel rails. The morphology of the sternum, in particular, shows that the new fossil is distinguishable from other Messelornithidae. An interesting aspect of its morphology is the presence of limb specialisations such as the extensive ossification of tendons\u2014well known among running birds\u2014that suggest the new Danish fossil may have been a ground bird with cursorial habits, a condition that was also previously hypothesised as typical for other Messel rails.\u00bb<\/div>

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Mayr, Gerald and Sara Bertelli<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «A record of Rhynchaeites (Aves, Threskiornithidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark, and the affinities of the alleged parrot Mopsitta<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenviroments<\/span><\/span>, 1\u20138<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abWe describe three-dimensionally preserved avian remains from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark, which can be assigned to the taxon Rhynchaeites. This stem group representative of Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills) was previously only known from the middle Eocene locality Messel in Germany. The Danish fossil, which consists of a partial postcranial skeleton, closely resembles the Messel species R. messelensis<\/i> but is slightly larger and differs in a few osteological details. It allows the recognition of previously unknown osteological features of Rhynchaeites and constitutes the earliest fossil record of Threskiornithidae, predating the Messel fossils by 7 million years. We show that the alleged parrot Mopsitta tanta<\/i>, which was described on the basis of an isolated humerus from the Fur Formation, most likely belongs to the same species. If specific distinctness of the Fur Formation Rhynchaeites is confirmed by future, more complete skeletons, it should thus be classified as R. tanta<\/i>.\u00bb<\/div>

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Alcalde, L., Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, F. Kolenc, C. Borteiro, and D. Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Cranial anatomy of tadpoles of five species of Scinax<\/i> (Hylidae, Hylinae).»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 2787<\/span><\/span>, 19\u201336<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, J.J. Nu\u00f1ez, and C. Ubeda<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Development of the nidicolous tadpoles of Eupsophus emiliopugini<\/i> (Anura: Cycloramphidae) until metamorphosis, with comments on systematic relationships of the species and its endotrophic developmental mode.»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica<\/span>, 92<\/span><\/span>, 27\u201345<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, B. Haad, D. Baldo, F. Kolenc, C. Borteiro, and R. Altig<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Different pathways are involved in the early development of the transient oral apparatus in anuran tadpoles (Anura: Leiuperidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 104<\/span><\/span>, 330\u2013345<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Salica, M.J., MB Haad, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, and J. Faivovich<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Early development of two species of Phyllomedusa<\/i> (Anura: Phyllomedusinae).»<\/strong><\/span> Salamandra<\/span>, 47<\/span><\/span>, 144\u2013154<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Francisco Brusquetti, and Franco Souza<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Osteology and intraspecific variation of Leptodactylus podicipinus<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with comments on the relationship between osteology and reproductive modes.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Herpetology<\/span>, 45<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 79\u201393<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina and Nadia Haidr<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Penguin cranial remains from the Eocene la Meseta Formation, Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctic Peninsula.»<\/strong><\/span> Antarctic Science<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

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Alvarenga, Herculano, Luis Chiappe, and Sara Bertelli<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Phorusrhacids: The terror birds.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds<\/span><\/span>, 187\u2013208<\/span>. London<\/span>: John Wiley & Sons<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Santiago Catalano<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Phylogenetic morphometrics (II): algorithms for landmark optimization.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 27<\/span><\/span>, 42\u201351<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThis paper describes algorithms for optimizing two- or three-dimensional landmark data onto trees directly. The method is based on a first approximation using grids, and subsequent iterative refinement of the initial point estimates. Details of the implementation are discussed, as well as an empirical example.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Haad, MB, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, and D. Baldo<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Shape variation in lentic and lotic tadpoles of Melanophryniscus<\/i> (Anura: Bufonidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment<\/span>, 46<\/span><\/span>, 91\u201399<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Arias, J. Salvador<\/a>, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «Spatial analysis of vicariance: a method for using direct geographical information in historical biogeography.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 27<\/span><\/span>, 617\u2013628<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abBased on Hovenkamp\u2019s ideas on historical biogeography, we present a method for analysis of taxon history, spatial analysis of vicariance, which uses observed distributions as data, thus requiring neither predefined areas nor assumptions of hierarchical relations between areas. The method is based on identifying sister nodes with disjunct (allopatric\/vicariant) distributions. To do this across the tree, internal nodes are assigned distributions (as the sum of the distributions of the descendant nodes). When distributions are less than ideal, ignoring the distribution of the problematic node(s) when assigning a distribution to their ancestors may allow us to consider additional sister nodes (i.e. those resulting from splits basal to the problematic node) as having disjunct distributions. The optimality criterion seeks to find the best (possibly weighted) compromise between the maximum possible number of disjunct sister nodes and the minimum number of eliminated distributions. The method can also take overlap into account. The methodology presented is implemented in VIP, a computer program available at http:\/\/www.zmuc.dk\/public\/phylogeny\/vip.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Faivovich, J., D. Baeta, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, C.F.B. Haddad, and M.J. Tyler<\/u><\/span>. 2011<\/span>. «The submandibular musculature of Phyllomedusinae (Anura: Hylidae): a reappraisal.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Morphology<\/span>, 272<\/span><\/span>, 354\u2013362<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Giannini, Norberto<\/a>, Valentina Segura<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Giannini, and David Flores<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «A quantitative approach to the cranial ontogeny of the puma.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Mammalian Biology<\/span>, 75<\/span><\/span>, 547\u2013554<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe cranial ontogeny of specialized mammals is relevant to the understanding of the connection of form and function in a developmental and evolutionary context. As specialized carnivores, felids are of especial interest. We studied the postnatal ontogeny of the skull in Puma concolor<\/i> using a quantitative approach integrated with previous results of qualitative assessment of ontogenetic changes. We report patterns of multivariate allometry of 19 linear skull dimensions measured in 48 Argentine specimens of puma. We examined the (jackknife resampled) departures from isometry as well as the interplay of isometric and allometric trends in shaping the puma skull. Both the qualitative and quantitative results indicate that the major ontogenetic changes are directly linked to cranial structures that support a developing masticatory apparatus and its associated masticatory and neck musculature, which are essential for the action of canines and carnassials during the killing bite and the slicing of flesh. Sexual differences suggest that hypo- and hyper-morphosis are key heterochronic processes in the development of the puma skull.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «A summit of cladistics: abstracts of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Willi Hennig Society and VIII Reuni\u00f3n Argentina de Clad\u00edstica y Biogeograf\u00eda.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 26<\/span><\/span>, 202\u2013226<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe 27th meeting of the Willi Hennig Society was held at the Sierras de San Javier, Tucum\u00e1n (27\u201331 October 2008), jointly with the VIII Reunion Argentina de Clad\u00edstica y Biogeograf\u00eda. This was the second Hennig meeting held in South America and the third in Latin America. The event was attended by 129 participants from 16 countries, with the strongest presence from Argentina, USA and Brazil. As pointed out in the minutes of previous meetings, student participation is a good measure of the health of a society, and by this measure, the Hennig society is doing very well. For this meeting, 64 of the participants (50%) were students, 40 of which had authored or co-authored a talk or poster. The schedule was intense, with 98 presentations (67 talks and 31 posters). The sessions consisted of contributed papers, and five symposia on diverse topics: Large Scale Analyses of Large Chunks of Life, Molecular Systematics, Latin American Biogeography in the 21st Century, Methodology, and Botanical Phylogenetics (each of the symposia, except the \u2018\u2018green\u2019\u2019 one, had two or three student speakers). As is usual at these meetings, the atmosphere was informal and relaxed, with much discussion and debate (although the biogeographic symposium took first place for the heat of its exchanges). The Student Award Committee (Lone Aagesen, Dan Janies and Gitte Petersen) selected Santiago Catalano for the Hennig Award (\"The optimization of landmark data: a three-dimensional approach\"), Prashant Sharma for the Brundin Award (\"Phylogenetic analysis of Sandokanidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores): Evaluating the independence of associated gene regions\"), and Sebastian Barrionuevo for the Rosen Award (\"Continuous characters in a phylogenetic analysis of the frog genus Telmatobius\"). In addition to the logistics and funding provided by the Willi Hennig Society, the event was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo, Instituto Superior de Entomolog\u00eda Dr Abraham Willink, and the Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica.\u00bb<\/div>

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Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a> and R. Altig<\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «A survey of shape variation in keratinized labial teeth of anuran larvae as related to phylogeny and ecology.»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 101<\/span><\/span>, 609\u2013625<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara<\/a>, Bent Lindow, Gareth Dyke, and Luis Chiappe<\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «A well-preserved \u2018charadriiform-like\u2019 fossil bird from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark.»<\/strong><\/span> Palaeontology<\/span>, 53<\/span><\/span>, 507\u2013531<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abWe describe a new, exceptionally well-preserved fossil bird recovered from marine deposits of the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Morsoravis sedilis<\/i> gen. et sp. nov. is known by a single specimen that consists of a three-dimensional skull, vertebral column, ribs, pelvis, and left hindlimb and associated parts of the right hindlimb. Comparisons based on overall morphology and particularly characters of the skull, vertebrae and pelvis indicate that the new specimen is morphologically similar to charadriiform birds (the shorebirds and relatives). This similarity is also expressed by a phylogenetic analysis of higher neornithine (modern birds) taxa, which supports a close relationship between the new fossil and modern charadriiforms. The morphology of the hindlimbs, in particular, shows that the new fossil corresponds to a new taxon that is distinguishable from modern charadriiform clades. One interesting aspect of its morphology is the presence of hindlimb specializations that are most commonly found among perching birds\u2014these suggest that ecologically the new Danish fossil bird may have differed from the wading habits typical of most charadriiforms.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Sandoval, Mar\u00eda, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, and Ruben Barquez<\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «Bats and marsupials as indicators of endemism in the Yungas forest of Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Zoological Research<\/span>, 31<\/span><\/span>, 633\u2013644<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Giannini, Norberto<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «Delayed-response phylogenetic correlation, an optimization-based method to test covariation of continuous characters.»<\/strong><\/span> Evolution<\/span>, 64<\/span><\/span>, 1885\u20131898<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA new phylogenetic comparative method is proposed, based on mapping two continuous characters on a tree to generate data pairs for regression or correlation analysis, which resolves problems of multiple character reconstructions, phylogenetic dependence, and asynchronous responses (evolutionary lags). Data pairs are formed in two ways (tree-down and tree-up) by matching corresponding changes, Dx and Dy. Delayed responses (Dy occurring later in the tree than Dx) are penalized by weighting pairs using nodal or branch-length distance between Dx and Dy; immediate (same-node) responses are given maximum weight. All combinations of character reconstructions (or a random sample thereof) are used to find the observed range of the weighted coefficient of correlation r (or weighted slope b). This range is used as test statistic, and the null distribution is generated by randomly reallocating changes (Dx and Dy) in the topology. Unlike randomization of terminal values, this procedure complies with Generalized Monte Carlo requirements while saving considerable computation time. Phylogenetic dependence is avoided by randomization without data transformations, yielding acceptable type-I error rates and statistical power. We show that ignoring delayed responses can lead to falsely nonsignificant results. Issues that arise from considering delayed responses based on optimization are discussed.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Escalante, Tania, Gerardo Rodriguez, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, Juan Morrone, and Miguel Rivas<\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «Delimitation of the Nearctic region according to mammalian distributional patterns.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Mammalogy<\/span>, 91<\/span><\/span>, 1381\u20131388<\/span>. Oxford academic<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «Lista de las mygalomorfas cubanas (Arachnida: Araneae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cocuyo<\/span>, 18<\/span><\/span>, 35\u201337<\/span>. La Habana<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Michael Jowers, and Rafael de S\u00e1<\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «Osteology, natural history notes, and phylogenetic relationships of the poorly known Caribbean frog Leptodactylus nesiotus<\/i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 2646<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201325<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Catalano, Santiago<\/a>, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «Phylogenetic morphometrics (I): the use of landmark data in a phylogenetic framework.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 26<\/span><\/span>, 539\u2013549<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abA method for the direct use of aligned landmark data (2D or 3D coordinates of comparable points) in phylogenetic analysis is described. The approach is based on finding, for each of the landmark points, the ancestral positions that minimize the distance between the ancestor\/descendant points along the tree. Doing so amounts to maximizing the degree to which similar positions of the landmarks in different taxa can be accounted for by common ancestry, i.e. parsimony. This method requires no transformation of the aligned data or the results: the data themselves are the x, y, z coordinates of the landmarks, and the output of mapping a character onto a given tree is the x, y, z coordinates for the hypothetical ancestors. In the special case of collinear points, the results are identical to those of optimization of (continuous) additive characters.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a>, Javier Goldberg, and Virginia Abdala<\/u><\/span>. 2010<\/span>. «Sesamoids in Anurans: new data, old issues.»<\/strong><\/span> The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology<\/span>, 293<\/span><\/span>, 1646\u20131668<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Segura, Valentina<\/a> and David Flores<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Aproximaci\u00f3n cualitativa y aspectos funcionales en la ontogenia craneana de Puma concolor<\/i> (Felidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Mastozoolog\u00eda Neotropical<\/span>, 16<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 169\u2013182<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe ontogenetic variation in felids was studied mainly from the perspective of age estimation based on the sequence of tooth replacement and wear. However, almost no species has been still analyzed in a morpho-functional frame, relating changes on diet and behavior. In this work, we analyzed the ontogenetic variation of the\r\nskull of Puma concolor<\/i>, both in its morphological structures, as well as in its suture types and stage of fusion, in order to associate changes of shape with changes of habits that occur during the growth. Our sample includes specimens younger than 10 days, to specimens of approximately 10 years old. Although most of the structures present in adults are already observed in terminal young stages, almost all changes point to the functional\r\nstrengthening of the skull, via the increased area for the origin and insertion of temporal, masseteric, and pterygoid musculature, as well as the enlargement of cervical muscles. Most of the sutural changes occur before reaching the permanent dentition, and are associated to the improvement of the resistance to mechanical stress, being the commonest change the acquisition of serrated suture and its final fusion. The comparison of the patterns observed in P. concolor with related species of lesser body size (e.g., P. yagouaroundi<\/i>) are pending, since some differences can be associated to different growth pattern, product of different mechanical demands related to the size of preys.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Escalante, Tania, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, and Juan Morrone<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Areas of endemism of Mexican mammals: re-analysis applying the optimality criterion.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 98<\/span><\/span>, 468\u2013478<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Aagesen, Lone, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, Fernando Zuloaga, and Osvaldo Morrone<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Biogeography of the South America highlands\u2014recognizing the Altoandina, Puna, and Prepuna through the study of Poaceae.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 25<\/span><\/span>, 295\u2013310<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Navarro, Fernando, Fabiana Cuezzo, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, Mercedes Grosso, and Gabriela Quintana<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Can insect data be used to infer areas of endemism? An example from the Yungas of Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Revista Chilena de Historia Natural<\/span>, 82<\/span><\/span>, 507\u2013522<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe main purpose of this study is to analyze whether areas of endemism can be characterized quantitatively by using insects, which are typically much more poorly sampled than vertebrates or plants. For this, an optimality criterion in the search for endemic areas was used to analyze approximately 1,100 georeferences from 288 species of holometabolous insects found in the study region, the Yungas (a very moist, montane rainforest), located in north-western Argentina. The optimality criterion is implemented with the programs NDM\/VNDM<\/i>, used to evaluate areas of endemism (i.e. a set of cells defined by two or more endemic species). Five grid sizes were used, three square (1\u00b0, 0.5\u00b0, and 0.25\u00b0) and two rectangular (0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.5\u00b0 and 0.5\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0). In agreement with the traditional biogeographic proposal, the results of the present study indicate that the Yungas can be characterized as a biogeographic unit with its own identity. Twenty six areas related to Yungas have shown 23 species of insects (in 14 families) as endemic, restricted to Yungas environment, and 46 species (in 10 families) as endemic, present in Yungas and surrounding habitats. Our analysis suggests that the use of insects to identify areas of endemism is a powerful tool, even considering the current fragmentary knowledge of these groups in South America. Given that there is no criterion to choose an optimal grid size, the use of different grid sizes is crucial; medium and small sizes are highly recommended because both identify seemingly different patterns. The quantitative method used here is useful to identify areas of endemism, such as disjoint areas or partially overlapping areas, which are difficult to see with other traditional biogeographic methods.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Scheinsohn, Vivian, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, S. Leonardt, and F. Rizzo<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Distribuci\u00f3n espacial del arte rupestre en el bosque y la estepa del norte de Patagonia. Nuevos resultados.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Arqueolog\u00eda de Patagonia: una mirada desde el \u00faltimo conf\u00edn<\/span><\/span>, 541\u2013558<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Casagranda, Dolores, Sergio Roig, and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Endemismo a diferentes escalas espaciales: un ejemplo con Carabidae (Coleoptera: Insecta) de Am\u00e9rica del Sur austral.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Revista Chilena de Historia Natural<\/span>, 82<\/span><\/span>, 17\u201342<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Catalano, Santiago<\/a>, Beatr\u00edz Saidman, and Juan Vilardi<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Evolution of small inversions in chloroplast genome: a case study from a recurrent inversion in Angiosperms.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 25<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 93\u2013104<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abSmall inversions (SIs) in the chloroplast genome of angiosperms are ubiquitous. These inversions are always flanked by inverted repeats (palindromes or quasipalindromes) between approximately 8 and 50 bp long that form a hairpin structure when the DNA is single-stranded. We evaluated different methodological and empirical issues about SI evolution. As a case study, we analysed an SI recently discovered in the psbC\u2013trnS intergenic region of Prosopis<\/i> (Fabaceae). First, we analysed how inversions can be optimized in cases where the inverted segment also shows indels and substitutions, proposing a method based on Fixed States Optimization. Second, we evaluated the occurrence of this inversion on a phylogeny that includes the major lineages of angiosperms. Finally, we assessed whether the occurrence of this inversion was related to the thermodynamic stability of the hairpin structure (measured by its corresponding free energy) and\/or the length of the palindromes by using a modified version of Maddison\u2019s Concentrated Changes Test. Hairpin structure was conserved in most of the 154 sequences analysed, with the inversion taking place at least 10 times in different lineages (monocots, magnoliids, rosids). As was previously proposed for other SIs, our analysis strongly suggests that the occurrence of this inversion is correlated with higher hairpin stability. In contrast, we found no evidence of a correlation with longer palindromes. Our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that hairpin formation is a requisite for SI occurrence. However, alternative explanations cannot be discarded.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Aguayo, R., E.O. Lavilla, Florencia Vera Candioti<\/a>, and T. Camacho<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Living in fast-water: morphology of the gastromyzophorous tadpole of the bufonid Rhinella quechua<\/i> (R. veraguensis<\/i> group).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Morphology<\/span>, 270<\/span><\/span>, 1431\u20131442<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, Santiago Catalano<\/a>, Juan Marcos Mirande<\/a>, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, J. Salvador Arias<\/a>, Mari K\u00e4llersj\u00f6, and James Farris<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 25<\/span><\/span>, 211\u2013230<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abObtaining a well supported schema of phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of living organisms requires considering as much taxonomic diversity as possible, but the computational cost of calculating large phylogenies has so far been a major obstacle. We show here that the parsimony algorithms implemented in TNT<\/i> can successfully process the largest phylogenetic data set ever analysed, consisting of molecular sequences and morphology for 73 060 eukaryotic taxa. The trees resulting from molecules alone display a high degree of congruence with the major taxonomic groups, with a small proportion of misplaced species; the combined data set retrieves these groups with even higher congruence. This shows that tree-calculation algorithms effectively retrieve phylogenetic history for very large data sets, and at the same time provides strong corroboration for the major eukaryotic lineages long recognized by taxonomists.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Casagranda, Dolores, J. Salvador Arias<\/a>, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, Leila Taher, Tania Escalante, and Juan Morrone<\/u><\/span>. 2009<\/span>. «Proximity, interpenetration, and sympatry networks: a reply to Dos Santos et al.<\/i>.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 58<\/span><\/span>, 271\u2013276<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, James Farris, and Kevin Nixon<\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «TNT<\/i>, a free program for phylogenetic analysis.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 24<\/span><\/span>, 774\u2013786<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe main features of the phylogeny program TNT<\/i> are discussed. Windows versions have a menu interface, while Macintosh and Linux versions are command-driven. The program can analyze data sets with discrete (additive, non-additive, step-matrix) as well as continuous characters (evaluated with Farris optimization). Effective analysis of large data sets can be carried out in reasonable times, and a number of methods to help identifying wildcard taxa in the case of ambiguous data sets are implemented. A variety of methods for diagnosing trees and exploring character evolution is available in TNT<\/i>, and publication-quality tree-diagrams can be saved as metafiles. Through the use of a number of native commands and a simple but powerful scripting language, TNT<\/i> allows the user an enormous flexibility in phylogenetic analyses or simulations.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, James Farris, and Kevin Nixon<\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «TNT<\/i>: Tree Analysis Using New Technology.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Cladistic analysis and osteological descriptions of the frog species in the Leptodactylus fuscus<\/i> species group (Anura, Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.<\/span>, 46<\/span> (3)<\/span><\/span>: 249\u2013266<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Barrionuevo, J. Sebasti\u00e1n and Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Decline of three species of the genus Telmatobius<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Tucum\u00e1n Province, Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetologica<\/span>, 64<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 47\u201362<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a> and J. Sebasti\u00e1n Barrionuevo<\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Foam-generating behaviour in tadpoles of Leptodactylus latinasus<\/i> (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae): significance in systematics.»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1884<\/span><\/span>, 51\u201359<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Farris, James and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Is REP a measure of \u201cobjective support\u201d?»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 24<\/span><\/span>, 1065\u20131069<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abGrant and Kluge have recently stated that Bremer support and their own REP (\u2018\u2018relative explanatory power\u2019\u2019), are the only objective measures of group support. This paper discusses their claim, showing that their philosophical arguments have no basis, and that their own numerical examples actually serve to illustrate shortcomings of REP.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius<\/i> (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from northwestern Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1938<\/span><\/span>, 40\u201360<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Catalano, Santiago<\/a>, Juan Vilardi, Daniela Tosto, and Beatriz Saidman<\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Molecular phylogeny and diversification history of Prosopis<\/i> (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society <\/span>, 93<\/span> ( 3)<\/span><\/span>: 621\u2013640<\/span>. San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n<\/span>: Blackwell Publishing Ltd<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a>, Janice Edgerly, and Cheryl Hayashi<\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Phylogeny of Embiopterans (Insecta).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 24<\/span><\/span>, 993\u20131005<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a>, Dolores Casagranda, Sergio Roig, and Tania Escalante<\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Pr\u00e1ctica 28: \u00c1reas de endemismo III: identificaci\u00f3n mediante an\u00e1lisis de endemicidad.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Manual de pr\u00e1cticas de biogeograf\u00eda<\/span><\/span>, 89\u201393<\/span>. Las Prensas de Ciencias, UNAM<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, James Carpenter, J. Salvador Arias<\/a>, and Daniel Miranda-Esquivel<\/u><\/span>. 2008<\/span>. «Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 24<\/span><\/span>, 758\u2013773<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe problem of character weighting in cladistic analysis is revisited. The finding that, in large molecular data sets, removal of third positions (with more homoplasy) decreases the number of well supported groups has been interpreted by some authors as indicating that weighting methods are unjustified. Two arguments against that interpretation are advanced. Characters that collectively determine few well-supported groups may be highly reliable when taken individually (as shown by specific examples), so that inferring greater reliability for sets of characters that lead to an increase in jackknife frequencies may not always be warranted. But even if changes in jackknife frequencies can be used to infer reliability, we demonstrate that jackknife frequencies in large molecular data sets are actually improved when downweighting characters according to their homoplasy but using properly rescaled functions (instead of the very strong standard functions, or the extreme of inclusion\/exclusion); this further weakens the argument that downweighting homoplastic characters is undesirable. Last, we show that downweighting characters according to their homoplasy (using standard homoplasy-weighting methods) on 70 morphological data sets (with 50\u2013170 taxa), produces clear increases in jackknife frequencies. The results obtained under homoplasy weighting also appear more stable than results under equal weights: adding either taxa or characters, when weighting against homoplasy, produced results more similar to original analyses (i.e., with larger numbers of groups that continue being supported after addition of taxa or characters), with similar or lower error rates (i.e., proportion of groups recovered that subsequently turn out to be incorrect). Therefore, the same argument that had been advanced against homoplasy weighting in the case of large molecular data sets is an argument in favor of such weighting in the case of morphological data sets.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara<\/a>, Luis Chiappe, and Claudia Tambussi<\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «A new phorusrhacid (Aves: Cariamae) from the Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology<\/span>, 27<\/span><\/span>, 409\u2013419<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe anatomy of a new, enormous phorusrhacid (Aves: Cariamae) from the Middle Miocene Coll\u00f3n Cur\u00e1 Formation of northwestern Patagonia (R\u00edo Negro province, Argentina) is described. The new phorusrhacid is known by a single specimen that consists of a nearly complete skull associated with a tarsometatarsus and a pedal phalanx. The new fossil is the largest known phorusrhacid and its morphology resembles more that of taxa traditionally grouped within phorusrhacines. Its skull\u2014by far the best preserved among large phorusrhacids\u2014provides a great deal of previously unknown anatomical information and indicates that reconstructions of the skull of gigantic phorusrhacids based on their smaller relatives are unwarranted.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Anatomy of anuran tadpoles from lentic water bodies: systematic relevance and correlation with feeding habits.»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1600<\/span><\/span>, 1\u2013175<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Calculating SPR-distances between trees.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 24<\/span><\/span>, 591\u2013697<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abThe SPR distance between two trees is the minimum number of SPR moves required to convert one tree into the other. It has been proven as an NP-complete problem. A heuristic to calculate SPR distances between trees is described. It performs favorably when compared with other existing heuristics, RIATA-HGT and EEEP. Compared with RIATA-HGT, the new method tends to produce better estimations when the trees are relatively similar, and worse estimations when the trees are very different (e.g., random trees); it produces results rather similar to those of EEEP, but orders of magnitude faster. A measure of tree-similarity based on SPR distances is proposed, obtained by calculating the minimum number of weighted SPR moves (with moves to closer nodes being less costly). The resulting measure of similarity is symmetric (i.e., Dij = Dji, for any two trees i,j).\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Scheinsohn, Vivian and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Distribuciones arqueol\u00f3gicas en la Patagonia Norte: una perspectiva biogeogr\u00e1fica.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Levantando piedras, desenterrando huesos\u2026 y develando arcanos<\/span><\/span>, 109\u2013116<\/span>. Instituto de la Patagonia \u2013 Universidad de Magallanes, Fundaci\u00f3n CEQUA<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Cuezzo, Fabiana, Mercedes Lizarralde, Fernando Navarro, and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Endemic insects from the Yungas of Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1576<\/span><\/span>, 63\u201367<\/span>. Magnolia Press<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Clarke, Julia, Daniel Ksepka, M. Stuchi, M. Urbina, Norberto Giannini<\/a>, Sara Bertelli<\/a>, Y. Narvaez, and C. Boyd<\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Giant equatorial penguins support a more complex relationship between avian evolution and global temperature.»<\/strong><\/span> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America<\/span>, 104<\/span><\/span>, 11545\u201311550<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abNew penguin fossils from the Eocene of Peru force a reevaluation of previous hypotheses regarding the causal role of climate change in penguin evolution. Repeatedly it has been proposed that penguins originated in high southern latitudes and arrived at equatorial regions relatively recently (e.g., 4\u20138 million years ago), well after the onset of latest Eocene\/Oligocene global cooling and increases in polar ice volume. By contrast,newdiscoveries from the middle and late Eocene of Peru reveal that penguins invaded low latitudes >30 million years earlier than prior data suggested, during one of the warmest intervals of the Cenozoic. A diverse fauna includes two new species, here reported from two of the best exemplars of Paleogene penguins yet recovered. The most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Sphenisciformes to date, combining morphological and molecular data, places the new species outside the extant penguin radiation (crown clade: Spheniscidae) and supports two separate dispersals to equatorial (paleolatitude ~14\u00b0 S) regions during greenhouse earth conditions. One new species, Perudyptes devriesi<\/i>, is among the deepest divergences within Sphenisciformes. The second, Icadyptes salasi<\/i>, is the most complete giant (> 1.5 m standing height) penguin yet described. Both species provide critical information on early penguin cranial osteology, trends in penguin body size, and the evolution of the penguin flipper.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Janies, Daniel, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, and Diego Pol<\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Large-scale phylogenetic analysis for the study of zoonosis and assessment of influenza surveillance.»<\/strong><\/span> Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience<\/span>, 8<\/span><\/span>, 143\u2013146<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abWe performed a phylogenetic analysis of 2359 hemagglutinin sequences of influenza A. We find multiple host shifts of all polarities among swine, humans, and birds. We also describe novel methods to assess the quality of surveillance and apply these methods to the public sequence record.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, F. Brusquetti, and F. Netto Sissa<\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Morphological characterization of Leptodactylus elenae<\/i> tadpoles (Anura: Leptodactylidae: L. fuscus<\/i> group), from central Paraguay.»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1435<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201317<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Diego Pol<\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «On divide-and-conquer strategies for parsimony analysis of large data sets: rec-i-dcm3 vs. TNT<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 56<\/span><\/span>, 485\u2013495<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>
\u00abRoshan et al.<\/i> recently described a \"divide-and-conquer\" technique for parsimony analysis of large data sets, Rec-I-DCM3, and stated that it compares very favorably to results using the program TNT<\/i>. Their technique is based on selecting subsets of taxa to create reduced data sets or subproblems, finding most-parsimonious trees for each reduced data set, recombining all parts together, and then performing global TBR swapping on the combined tree. Here, we contrast this approach to sectorial searches, a divide-and-conquer algorithm implemented in TNT<\/i>. This algorithm also uses a guide tree to create subproblems, with the first-pass state sets of the nodes that join the selected sectors with the rest of the topology; this allows exact length calculations for the entire topology (that is, any solution N steps shorter than the original, for the reduced subproblem, must also be N steps shorter for the entire topology). We show here that, for sectors of similar size analyzed with the same search algorithms, subdividing data sets with sectorial searches produces better results than subdividing with Rec-I-DCM3. Roshan et al.<\/i>'s claim that Rec-I-DCM3 outperforms the techniques in TNT<\/i> was caused by a poor experimental design and algorithmic settings used for the runs in TNT<\/i>. In particular, for finding trees at or very close to the minimum known length of the analyzed data sets, TNT<\/i> clearly outperforms Rec-I-DCM3. Finally, we show that the performance of Rec-I-DCM3 is bound by the efficiency of TBR implementation for the complete data set, as this method behaves (after some number of iterations) as a technique for cyclic perturbations and improvements more than as a divide-and-conquer strategy.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Edgerly, Janice, Claudia Szumik<\/a>, and Chanel McCreedy<\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «On new characters of the eggs of Embioptera with the description of a new species of Saussurembia<\/i> (Anisembiidae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Entomology<\/span>, 32<\/span><\/span>, 387\u2013395<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a> and W. Ronald Heyer<\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Osteological characterization of four putative species of the genus Adenomera<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with comments on intra- and interspecific variation.»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1403<\/span><\/span>, 37\u201354<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Granara de Willink, Cristina and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Phenacoccinae de Centro y Sudam\u00e9rica (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae): sistem\u00e1tica y filogenia.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> 66<\/span><\/span>, 29\u2013129<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Lizarralde, Mercedes and Claudia Szumik<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2007<\/span>. «Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Genus Pelinoides<\/i> Cresson (Diptera-Ephydridae).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1510<\/span><\/span>, 35\u201350<\/span>. Magnolia Press<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, Camilo Mattoni, and Sebasti\u00e1n Quinteros<\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Continuous characters analyzed as such.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 22<\/span><\/span>, 589\u2013601<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abQuantitative and continuous characters have rarely been included in cladistic analyses of morphological data; when included, they have always been discretized, using a variety of ad hoc methods. As continuous characters are typically additive, they can be optimized with well known algorithms, so that with a proper implementation they could be easily analyzed without discretization. The program TNT<\/i> has recently incorporated algorithms for analysis of continuous characters. One of the problems that has been pointed out with existing methods for discretization is that they can attribute different states to terminals that do not differ significantly\u2014or vice versa. With the implementation in TNT<\/i>, this problem is diminished (or avoided entirely) by simply assigning to each terminal a range that goes from the mean minus one (or two) SE to the mean plus one (or two) SE; given normal distributions, terminals that do not overlap thus differ significantly (more significantly if using more than 1 SE). Three real data sets (for scorpions, spiders and lizards) comprising both discrete and quantitative characters are analyzed to study the performance of continuous characters. One of the matrices has a reduced number of continuous characters, and thus continuous characters analyzed by themselves produce only poorly resolved trees; the support for many of the groups supported by the discrete characters alone, however, is increased when the continuous characters are added to the analysis. The other two matrices have larger numbers of continuous characters, so that the results of separate analyses for the discrete and the continuous characters can be more meaningfully compared. In both cases, the continuous characters (analyzed alone) result in trees that are relatively similar to the trees produced by the discrete characters alone. These results suggest that continuous characters carry indeed phylogenetic information, and that (if they have been observed) there is no real reason to exclude them from the analysis.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Grismado, Cristian and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Descripci\u00f3n del macho de Missulena tussulena<\/i> Goloboff 1994 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Revista Museo Arg. Cs. Nat., N.S.<\/span>, 8<\/span><\/span>, 101\u2013104<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abSe describe por primera vez el macho de Missulena tussulena<\/i> Goloboff 1994.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Ecomorphological guilds in anuran larvae: an application of geometric morphometric methods.»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Journal<\/span>, 16<\/span><\/span>, 149\u2013162<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

R\u00edos-Tamayo, Duniesky<\/a> and Julia Azanza Ricardo<\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Indicadores del \u00e9xito reproductivo de la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas<\/i>) en tres playas de la pen\u00ednsula de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del R\u00edo, Cuba.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> 27<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 69\u201378<\/span>. Habana<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Morfolog\u00eda larval de Chiasmocleis panamensis<\/i>, con comentarios sobre la variabilidad morfol\u00f3gica interna en renacuajos de Microhylidae (Anura).»<\/strong><\/span> Alytes<\/span>, 24<\/span><\/span>, 91\u2013108<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, C. Ubeda, and E. Lavilla<\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Morphology and metamorphosis of Eupsophus calcaratus<\/i> tadpoles (Anura: Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Morphology<\/span>, 264<\/span><\/span>, 161\u2013177<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «On the osteology of a distinctive specie of the genus Leptodactylus<\/i>: Leptodactylus laticeps<\/i> (Boulenger, 1917) (Anura, Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Zootaxa<\/span>, 1188<\/span><\/span>, 23\u201336<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara<\/a>, Norberto Giannini<\/a>, and Daniel Ksepka<\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Redescription and phylogenetic position of the Early Miocene penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus<\/i> from Patagonia.»<\/strong><\/span> American Museum Novitates<\/span>, 3525<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201336<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abParaptenodytes antarcticus<\/i> is one of the best-known and most complete fossil penguins. This taxon is so distinctive that it has traditionally been classified in its own subfamily Sphenisciformes: Paraptenodytinae) separate from all living penguins (Spheniscinae). The well-preserved partial skull of P. antarcticus<\/i> is one of our richest sources of data on early penguin cranial morphology. We provide an updated description of the skull of P. antarcticus<\/i> in a comparative context and use this information to explore the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon. Three cladistic analyses using an osteology dataset, a larger morphological dataset (including osteological, soft tissue, behavior, and oological characters) and a combined (morphological + molecular) dataset all recover Paraptenodytes as the sister taxon to a clade including all extant penguins. The placement of Paraptenodytes outside the crown clade of extant penguins reveals the order in which many spheniscid synapomorphies were acquired and lends support to the hypothesis that modern penguins had Subantarctic ancestors.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Chiappe, Luis and Sara Bertelli<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «Skull morphology of giant terror birds.»<\/strong><\/span> Nature<\/span>, 443<\/span><\/span>, 929<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe phorusrhacids (\u2018terror birds\u2019) are an extinct lineage that includes the largest birds known. Reconstructions of these Cenozoic carnivores have consistently highlighted a very high beak, round orbits and vaulted braincase, although minimal information is actually available for the skull of the largest species. An important new fossil of a gigantic avian skull has been discovered from the middle Miocene of Patagonia (Comallo, Argentina), which reveals significant differences between the skulls of large and small phorusrhacids. We conclude that reconstructions of the skull of gigantic phorusrhacids on the basis of their smaller relatives are unwarranted, and that the long-established correlation between their corpulence and reduced cursorial agility needs to be re-evaluated.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ksepka, Daniel, Sara Bertelli<\/a>, and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2006<\/span>. «The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins).»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 22<\/span><\/span>, 412\u2013441<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abWe present the first phylogenetic analysis of the Sphenisciformes that extensively samples fossil taxa. Combined analysis of 181 morphological characters and sequence fragments from mitochondrial and nuclear genes (12S, 16S, COI, cytochrome b, RAG-1) yields a largely resolved tree. Two species of the New Zealand Waimanu form a trichotomy with all other penguins in our result. The much discussed giant penguins Anthropornis and Pachydyptes are placed in two clades near the base of the tree. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic evidence suggest that some lineages of penguins attained very large body size rapidly and early in the clade\u2019s evolutionary history. The only fossil taxa that fall inside the crown clade Spheniscidae are fossil species assigned to the genus Spheniscus<\/i>. Thus, extant penguin diversity is more accurately viewed as the product of a successful radiation of derived taxa than as an assemblage of survivors belonging to numerous lineages. The success of the Spheniscidae may be due to novel feeding adaptations and a more derived flipper apparatus. We offer a biogeographical scenario for penguins that incorporates fossil distributions and paleogeographic reconstructions of the Southern continent\u2019s positions. Our results do not support an expansion of the Spheniscidae from a cooling Continental Antarctica, but instead suggest those species that currently breed in that area are the descendants of colonizers from the Subantarctic. Many important divergence events in the clade Spheniscidae can instead be explained by dispersal along the paths of major ocean currents and the emergence of new islands due to tectonic events.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2005<\/span>. « Minority rule supertrees? MRP, compatibility, and Minimum Flip supertrees may display the least frequent groups.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 28<\/span><\/span>, 282\u2013294<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abNew examples are presented, showing that supertree methods such as matrix representation with parsimony, minimum flip trees, and compatibility analysis of the matrix representing the input trees, produce supertrees that cannot be interpreted as displaying the groups present in the majority of the input trees. These methods may produce a supertree displaying some groups present in the minority of the trees, and contradicted by the majority. Of the three methods, compatibility analysis is the least used, but it seems to be the one that differs the least from majority rule consensus. The three methods are similar in that they choose the supertree(s) that best fit the set of input trees (quantified as some measure of the fit to the matrix representation of the input trees); in the case of complete trees, it is argued that, for a supertree method to be equivalent to majority rule or frequency difference onsensus, two necessary (but not sufficient) conditions must be met. First, the measure of fit between a supertree and an input tree must be symmetrical. Second, the fit for a character representing a group must be measured as absolute: either it fits or it does not fit. In the restricted case of complete and equally resolved input trees, compatibility analysis (unlike MRP and minimum flipping) fulfils these two conditions: it is symmetrical (i.e., as long as the trees have the same taxon sets and are equally resolved, the number of characters in the matrix representation of tree A that require homoplasy in tree B is always the same as the number of characters in the matrix representation of tree B that require homoplasy in tree A) and it measures fit as all-or-none. In the case of just two complete and equally resolved input trees, the two conditions (symmetry and absolute fit) are necessary and sufficient, which explains why the compatibility analysis of such trees behaves as majority consensus. With more than two such trees, these conditions are still necessary but no longer sufficient for the equivalence; in such cases, the compatibility supertree may differ significantly from the majority rule consensus, even when these conditions apply (as shown by example). MRP and minimum flipping are asymmetric and measure various degrees of fit for each character, which explains why they often behave very differently from majority rule procedures, and why they are very likely to have groups contradicted by each of the input trees, or groups supported by a minority of the input trees.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a> and Esteban Lavilla<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2005<\/span>. «Hyla nana<\/i> (Dwarf Treefrog).»<\/strong><\/span> Herpetological Review<\/span>, 36<\/span> (2)<\/span><\/span>: 199<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara<\/a> and Norberto Giannini<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2005<\/span>. «A phylogeny of extant penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) combining morphology and mitochondrial sequences.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 21<\/span><\/span>, 209\u2013239<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe phylogenetic relationships among the penguins have received little attention, despite their well-known anatomy and the conspicuous nature of the group. Previous attempts have included datasets limited to few, mostly osteological characters, and one study was based on integumentary and breeding characters. We developed a morphological matrix comprising 159 morphological characters of osteology (70 characters), myology (15), digestive tract (1), integument (66), and breeding (7 characters), scored in 18 extant forms (all currently recognized species plus one distinct subspecies). A gaviiform was placed at the root, and 11 species of representative procellariiform groups completed the outgroup. A heuristic parsimony analysis under equal weights was performed. We also compiled DNA sequences available in GenBank for the mitochondrial genes 12S rDNA and cytochrome b. We included the two data partitions in a combined analysis under direct optimization. Both analyses recovered the monophyly of Sphenisciformes and all the traditional polytypic genera. Morphological characters performed optimally at the ordinal and generic nodes, also providing resolution and varying degrees of support at supra- and intrageneric nodes. The comparison of molecular and morphological results indicated that the most significant problem in the phylogeny of extant penguins is rooting the ingroup. The mutual interaction of molecular and morphological data decreases the ambiguity regarding the placement of the root, and provides a resolved, relatively well-supported phylogeny of extant penguins. Biogeographical patterns based on breeding ranges and derived from the combined analysis show that the major intercontinental vicariance events detected are consistent with cold marine current patterns of the Southern Hemisphere.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a> and Sergio Roig<\/u><\/span>. 2005<\/span>. «Criterio de optimalidad para \u00e1reas de endemismo: el caso de Am\u00e9rica del Sur austral.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Regionalizaci\u00f3n biogeogr\u00e1fica en Iberoam\u00e9rica y t\u00f3picos afines<\/span><\/span>, 495\u2013508<\/span>. Las Prensas de Ciencias, UNAM<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2005<\/span>. «Morphology and feeding in tadpoles of Ceratophrys cranwelli<\/i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica<\/span>, 86<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201311<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo and Diego Pol<\/u><\/span>. 2005<\/span>. «Parsimony and bayesian phylogenetics.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Parsimony, phylogeny, and genomics<\/span><\/span>, 148\u2013159<\/span>. Oxford University Press<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Giannini, Norberto<\/a> and Sara Bertelli<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «A phylogeny of extant penguins based on integumentary and breeding characters.»<\/strong><\/span> Auk<\/span>, 121<\/span><\/span>, 422\u2013434<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA phylogeny of extant penguins (18 forms) was estimated on the basis of 70 integumentary and breeding characters. Integumentary characters included structure and color of bill and legs, and plumage of adult, immature, and downy chick. Breeding characters included eggs, nesting, and sociability of immatures. Gavia<\/i> was placed at the root, and 11 species of representative procellariiform groups completed the outgroup. A heuristic parsimony analysis under implied character weights was performed. Ingroup resolution was complete. The analysis recovered monophyly of Sphenisciformes and all the traditional genera. The ingroup topology was ((Eudyptula<\/i> + Spheniscus<\/i>) (Aptenodytes<\/i> (Pygoscelis<\/i> (Megadyptes<\/i> + Eudyptes<\/i>)))). Two suprageneric groups, (Eudyptula<\/i> + Spheniscus<\/i>) and (Megadyptes<\/i> + Eudyptes<\/i>), were well supported. Additional analyses under equal weights resulted in a consensus topology that differed only in the internal resolution of Spheniscus<\/i>. Integumentary and breeding characters performed optimally at the ordinal and generic levels, and also provided resolution and varying degrees of support at the supra- and intrageneric levels.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a> and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «Areas of endemism: improved optimality criteria.»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 56<\/span><\/span>, 968\u2013977<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe grid-based method to identify areas of endemism proposed by Szumik et al.<\/i> (Syst. Biol. 51:806\u2013816, 2002) is extended. The improvements include the ability to assign scores of endemicity to sets of disjoint areas, and to have each species contribute more to the score of endemicity of an area, or less, according to how well its distribution matches the area. The modified method also allows for partially overlapping areas; an area partially overlapping with another one of higher score is retained when the set of lower score has a minimum proportion of species endemic to it. Algorithms to evaluate areas of endemism under this criterion are discussed, and implemented in a computer program (NDM; available at www.zmuc.dk\/public\/phylogeny). The new algorithms allow evaluation of much larger data sets.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Lavilla, Esteban<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and et al. <\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «Chapter 3: The Neotropical Region (Latin American & The Caribbean).»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Collected DAPTF Working Group Reports: Ten Years On<\/span><\/span>, 50\u201354<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a>, E. Lavilla, and D. Echeverr\u00eda<\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «Feeding mechanisms in two treefrogs, Hyla nana<\/i> and Scinax nasicus<\/i> (Anura: Hylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Morphology<\/span>, 261<\/span><\/span>, 206\u2013224<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «Morphology of premetamorphic larvae of Lysapsus limellus<\/i> (Anura: Pseudinae) from Santa Fe, Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Amphibia-Reptilia<\/span>, 25<\/span><\/span>, 41\u201354<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «Phylogenetic systematics of Archembiidae (Embiidina, Insecta).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Entomology<\/span>, 29<\/span><\/span>, 215\u2013237<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Vera Candioti, Florencia<\/a> and A. Haas<\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «Three dimensional reconstruction of the hyobranchial apparatus of Hyla nana<\/i> tadpoles (Anura: Hylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda<\/span>, 18<\/span><\/span>, 3\u201315<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2004<\/span>. «Utilizaci\u00f3n espacial y temporal de una comunidad de anuros de Kent\u2019s Marsh (Gamboa, Panam\u00e1).»<\/strong><\/span> Rev. Esp. Herp.<\/span>, 18<\/span><\/span>, 5\u201318<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Tubaro, Pablo and Sara Bertelli<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2003<\/span>. «Female-biased sexual size dimorphism in tinamous: a comparative test fails to support Rensch\u2019s rule.»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 80<\/span><\/span>, 519\u2013527<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abRensch\u2019s rule states that degree of sexual dimorphism increases with body size in species with larger males, and decreases with body size in those with larger females. To test this rule, we assessed the pattern of sexual size dimorphism in tinamous using a comparative analysis of independent contrasts. Tinamous are a monophyletic group of primitive birds comprising at least 47 ground dwelling species with prominent or exclusive paternal care of eggs and offspring. Although the size of females exceeded that of males in most considered species, we found an isometric relationship between males and females, instead of the negative allometric one predicted by Rensch\u2019s rule. Previous studies in Strigiformes and Falconiformes found positive allometric and isometric relationships respectively, and, considering these findings with our results, we conclude that Rensch\u2019s rule is not supported by birds with exclusively female-biased sexual dimorphism in size. \u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a>, James Farris, Mari K\u00e4llersj\u00f6, Bengt Oxelman, Mart\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, and Claudia Szumik<\/u><\/span>. 2003<\/span>. «Improvements to resampling measures of group support.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 19<\/span><\/span>, 324\u2013332<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abSeveral aspects of current resampling methods to assess group support are reviewed. When the characters have different prior weights or some state transformation costs are different, the frequencies under either bootstrapping or jackknifing can be distorted, producing either under- or overestimations of the actual group support. This is avoided by symmetric resampling, where the probability p of increasing the weight of a character equals the probability of decreasing it. Problems with interpreting absolute group frequencies as a measure of the support are discussed; group support does not necessarily vary with the frequency itself, since in some cases groups with positive support may have much lower frequencies than groups with no support at all. Three possible solutions for this problem are suggested. The first is measuring the support as the difference in frequency between the group\r\nand its most frequent contradictory group. The second is calculating frequencies for values of p below the threshold under which the frequency ranks the groups in the right order of support (this threshold may vary from data set to data set). The third is estimating the support by using the slope of the frequency as a function of different (low) values of p; when p is low, groups with actual support have negative slopes (closer to 0 when the support is higher), and groups with no support have positive slopes (larger when evidence for and against the group is more abundant).\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2003<\/span>. «Parsimony, likelihood, and simplicity.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 19<\/span><\/span>, 91\u2013103<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe latest charge against parsimony in phylogenetic inference is that it involves estimating too many parameters. The charge is derived from the fact that, when each character is allowed a branch length vector of its own (instead of the homogeneous branch lengths assumed in current likelihood models), the results for likelihood and parsimony are identical. Parsimony, however, can also be derived from simpler models, involvingfewer parameters. Therefore, parsimony provides (as many authors had argued before) the simplest explanation of the data, or the most realistic, depending on one's views. If (as argued by likelihoodists) phylogenetic inference is to use the simplest model that provides sufficient explanation of the data, the startingpoint of phylogenetic analyses should be parsimony, not maximum likelihood. If the addition of new parameters (which increase the likelihood) to a parsimony estimation is seen as desirable, this may lead to a preference for results based on current likelihood models. If the addition of parameters is continued, however, the results will eventually come back to the same place where they had started, since allowing each character a branch length of its own also produces parsimony. Parsimony can be justified by very different types of models\u2014either very complex or very simple. This suggests that parsimony does have a unique place among methods of phylogenetic estimation.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara<\/a>, Norberto Giannini<\/a>, and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2002<\/span>. «A phylogeny of the tinamous (Aves, Palaeognathiformes) based on integumentary characters.»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 51<\/span><\/span>, 959\u2013979<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA cladistic analysis of the tinamous, including the 47 currently recognized species and some distinct subspecies, was conducted based on 80 integumentary characters from adult and natal plumage, ramphoteca (corneum sheath of bill), and podoteca (horny scales of legs). For the adult plumage (50 characters), we studied feather pigmentation patterns from different pterylae (feather tracts). A criterion of overlap of basic pigmentation elements was used to assign costs to the transformation between the states in most of these characters in such a way that transformations between more similar conditions were less costly. The consensus tree was almost fully resolved, and about 50% of its groups were relatively well supported. Because the only outgroup that could be used provided a poor root, two possible rootings of the ingroup subtree were considered; in both cases, only one of the two traditional subfamilies (the steppe tinamous) was recovered, and the other (the forest tinamous) appeared as paraphyletic. The results of the present analysis are compared with those from an osteological data set, using a strict supertree technique. The combined tree has a large number of nodes, indicating a high degree of congruence between the two data sets.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a>, Fabiana Cuezzo, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, and Adriana Chalup<\/u><\/span>. 2002<\/span>. «An optimality criterion to determine areas of endemism.»<\/strong><\/span> Systematic Biology<\/span>, 51<\/span><\/span>, 806\u2013816<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA formal method was developed to determine areas of endemism. The study region is divided into cells, and the number of species that can be considered as endemic is counted for a given set of cells (D area). Thus, the areas with the maximum number of species considered endemic are preferred. This is the first method for the identification of areas of endemism that implements an optimality criterion directly based on considering the aspects of species distribution that are relevant to endemism. The method is implemented in two computer programs, NDM<\/i> and VNDM<\/i>, available from the authors.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Ebermann, Ernst and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2002<\/span>. «Association between Neotropical burrowing spiders (Araneae: Nemesiidae) and mites (Acari: Heterostigmata: Scutacaridae).»<\/strong><\/span> Acaralogia<\/span>, 42<\/span><\/span>, 173\u2013184<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abWhilst collecting burrowing spiders of the family Nemesiidae from 16 localities in Argentina, phoretic mites were found on Stenoterommata iguazu<\/i>, Stenoterommata platense<\/i> and Stenoterommata uruguai<\/i>. These mites are described here: Scutacarus (S.) araneophilus<\/i> n. sp. and Scutacarus (S.) adgregatus<\/i> n. sp. Associations between spiders and scutacarids were not previously known. Aspects of the biology of the spiders and the interactions between mites and spiders are reported and discussed.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Bertelli, Sara<\/a> and Pablo Tubaro<\/u><\/span>. 2002<\/span>. «Body mass and habitat correlates of song structure in a primitive group of birds.»<\/strong><\/span> Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/span>, 77<\/span><\/span>, 423\u2013430<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abWe assessed relationships between acoustic frequency, body mass, and habitat in tinamous. This monophyletic group of primitive birds comprises c.47 ground dwelling species whose habitats range from dense humid forest to open grasslands. The relationship between frequency and body mass was found to be negative, while the songs of openhabitat species exhibited higher frequencies and a wider bandwidth than the closed-habitat ones. Residual variation in song frequency, after controlling for the effect of body mass and phylogeny, tends to differ among habitats. However, a statistical test of this pattern was not possible because of the existence of only five pairs of sister species differing in habitat. In spite of this, positive contrasts of bandwidth were associated with positive contrasts of habitat, confirming that songs of open-habitat species have a wider bandwidth than those of their more closed habitat relatives.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2002<\/span>. «Cap\u00edtulo 23: Embioptera.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Biodiversidad, taxonom\u00eda y biogeograf\u00eda de artr\u00f3podos de M\u00e9xico: hacia una s\u00edntesis de su conocimiento<\/span><\/span>, 441\u2013448<\/span>. Las Prensas de Ciencias, UNAM<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2002<\/span>. «Optimization of polytomies: state set and parallel operations.»<\/strong><\/span> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/span>, 22<\/span><\/span>, 269\u2013275<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abNew algorithms for calculating the most parsimonious state sets for polytomies under Fitch parsimony are described. Because they are based on state set operations, these algorithms can be extended for optimization of several characters in parallel, thus increasing speed by a significant factor. This speed increase may facilitate analysis of molecular data sets, many of which contain hundreds of taxa, thousands of multistate nonadditive characters, and numerous polytomies.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Diego Pol<\/u><\/span>. 2002<\/span>. «Semi strict supertrees.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 18<\/span><\/span>, 514\u2013525<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA method to calculate semi-strict supertrees is proposed. The semi-strict supertrees are calculated by creating the matrix that represents all the groups in the source trees (as done in already existing techniques), and then finding the trees determined by the ultra-clique. The ultra-clique is defined as the set of characters where each possible subset is compatible with each possible subset from the entire matrix. Finding the ultra-clique is computationally complex (since in most cases many of the characters have missing entries), but a heuristic method yields reliable results. When the trees have no conflict, or when there are only two trees, the method produces the exact result for any ordering of the input trees and any ordering of the groups within them; when there are more than two trees and they have conflict, a single ordering or sequence can create some spurious groups, but doing multiple sequences eliminates the spurious groups. The method uses only state set operations, and is thus easily implemented in computer programs. Unlike any existing type of supertree, semi-strict supertrees display all the groups, and only those groups, that are implied by at least some combination of the input trees and contradicted by none. The idea that supertrees should take into account the number of occurences of a given group, so as to retain some groups even in the case of conflict, is discussed; it is argued that a conceptual equivalent of the majority rule consensus is not possible when the sets of taxa differ among trees. Also, when pruning taxa from a set of trees, the supertree can display groups that contradict the consensus for the entire trees, suggesting that supertrees for matrices with very dissimilar sets of taxa should be interpreted with caution. If (for any valid reason) the data cannot be combined in a single matrix, it is advisable that the taxon sets in the matrices be as similar as possible.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2001<\/span>. «NDM\u2013VNDM<\/i>: programs for identification of areas of endemism.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Peltzer, Paola , Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Rafael Lajmanovich<\/u><\/span>. 2001<\/span>. «Caso de malformaci\u00f3n en Leptodactylus mystacinus<\/i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Natura Neotropicalis<\/span>, 32<\/span> (2)<\/span><\/span>: 173\u2013176<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Ponssa, Mar\u00eda Laura<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2001<\/span>. «Cuidado parental y comportamiento de cardumen de larvas en Leptodactylus insularum<\/i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Alytes<\/span>, 19<\/span> (2-4)<\/span><\/span>: 183\u2013195<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and James Farris<\/u><\/span>. 2001<\/span>. «Methods for quick consensus estimation.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 17<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA method that allows estimating consensus trees without exhaustive searches is described. The method consists of comparing the results of different independent superficial searches. The results of the searches are then summarized through a majority rule, consensed with the strict consensus tree of the best trees found overall. This assumes that to the extent that a group is recovered by most searches, it is more likely to be actually supported by the data. The effect of different parameters on the accuracy and reliability of the results is discussed. Increasing the cutoff frequency decreases the number of spurious groups, although it also decreases the number of correct nodes recovered. Collapsing trees during swapping reduces the number of spurious groups without significantly decreasing the number of correct nodes recovered. A way to collapse branches considering suboptimal trees is described, which can be extended as a measure of relative support for groups; the relative support is based on the Bremer support, but takes into account relative amounts of favorable and contradictory evidence. More exhaustive searches increase the number of correct nodes recovered, but leave unaffected (or increase) the number of spurious groups. Within some limits, the number of replications does not strongly affect the accuracy of the results, so that using relatively small numbers of replications normally suffices to produce a reliable estimation.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2001<\/span>. «Nuevos Embi\u00f3pteros de Am\u00e9rica del Sur.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Revista de la Sociedad Entomol\u00f3gica Argentina<\/span>, 60<\/span><\/span>, 257\u2013272<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Lavilla, Esteban<\/a>, Marcos Vaira, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Liliana Ferrari<\/u><\/span>. 2000<\/span>. «Batracofauna de la yungas andinas de Argentina: una s\u00edntesis.»<\/strong><\/span> Cuad. Herp.<\/span>, 14<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 5\u201326<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Lavilla, Esteban<\/a>, Marcos Vaira, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Liliana Ferrari<\/u><\/span>. 2000<\/span>. «Batracofauna de la yungas andinas de Argentina: una s\u00edntesis.»<\/strong><\/span> Cuad. Herp.<\/span>, 14<\/span> (1)<\/span><\/span>: 5\u201326<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Lavilla, Esteban<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and Sonia Saleme<\/u><\/span>. 2000<\/span>. «Caracterizaci\u00f3n de las larvas de Bufo fernandezae<\/i> Gallardo, 1957 y Bufo granulosus<\/i> major M\u00fcller & Hellmich, 1936 (Anura: Bufonidae) y clave para la identificaci\u00f3n de las larvas de Bufo<\/i> que habitan el Chaco argentino.»<\/strong><\/span> Bull. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino<\/span>, 17<\/span> (2)<\/span><\/span>: 333\u2013344<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Lavilla, Esteban<\/a>, Mar\u00eda Laura Ponssa<\/a>, and et al. <\/u><\/span>. 2000<\/span>. «Categorizaci\u00f3n de los anfibios de Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Categorizaci\u00f3n de los Anfibios y Reptiles de Argentina<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Berta, Carolina<\/a> and Mar\u00eda Colomo<\/u><\/span>. 2000<\/span>. «Dos especies nuevas de Bracon<\/i> F. y primera cita para la Argentina de Bracon lucileae<\/i> Marsh (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), parasitoides de Tuta absoluta<\/i> (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Insecta Mundi 2000<\/span>, 14<\/span>, 4<\/span><\/span>, 211\u2013219<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThree Argentine species of Bracon<\/i> F. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) parasitize larvae of the \u201ctomato moth\u201d, Tuta absoluta<\/i> (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Two new species, B. lulensis<\/i> and B. tutus<\/i>, are described and B. lucileae<\/i> Marsh is recorded from Argentina for the first time. A key to the Argentine species of Bracon<\/i>, descriptions, and figures are given.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2000<\/span>. «Techniques for analysis of large data sets.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Techniques in Molecular Systematics and Evolution<\/span><\/span>, 70\u201379<\/span>. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 2000<\/span>. «The family Gallienielidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) in America.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Arachnology<\/span>, 28<\/span><\/span>, 1\u20136<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abAzilia leucostigma<\/i> Mello-Leitao 1941 considered by Mello-Leitao as a metine (Tetragnathidae), is transferred to the gnaphosoid family Gallieniellidae, as the type species of the new genus Galianoella<\/i>. The obliquely depressed endites, the flattened irregular posterior median eyes, and the conical anterior lateral spinnerets retaining a sclerotized distal ring, among other characters, clearly place the new genus in the family Gallieniellidae. Galianoella leucostigma<\/i> is the only gallieniellid so far recorded from the Americas. This species has a specialized ant-preying behavior. Ant-preying may prove to be characteristic for all the family, as it was suspected in the Madagascan Gallieniella<\/i>; and it may be associated with the modified chelicerae typical of the family.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo <\/u><\/span>. 1999<\/span>. « Analyzing large data sets in reasonable times: solutions for composite optima.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 15<\/span><\/span>, 415\u2013428<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abNew methods for parsimony analysis of large data sets are presented. The new methods are sectorial searches tree-drifting, and tree-fusing. For Chase et al.<\/i>\u2019s 500-taxon data set these methods (on a 266-MHz Pentium II) find a shortest tree in less than 10 min (i.e., over 15,000 times faster than PAUP and 1000 times faster than PAUP*). Making a complete parsimony analysis requires hitting minimum length several times independently, but not necessarily all \u201cislands\u201d; for Chase et al.<\/i>\u2019s data set this can be done in 4 to 6 h. The new methods also perform well in other cases analyzed (which range from 170 to 854 taxa).\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1999<\/span>. «Ara\u00f1as colectadas en la reserva de Tariqu\u00eda.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Relevamiento de la Biodiversidad de la Reserva Nacional de Flora y Fauna Tariqu\u00eda (Tarija, Bolivia)<\/span><\/span>, 69\u201370<\/span>. Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo, Tucum\u00e1n<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1999<\/span>. «Biolog\u00eda y desarrollo de Pararhagadochir trachelia<\/i> (Embiidae, Embioptera).»<\/strong><\/span> Bolet\u00edn de Entomologia Venezolana<\/span>, 14<\/span><\/span>, 81\u201385<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1998<\/span>. «Cap\u00edtulo 4: Embioptera.»<\/strong><\/span><\/span> En Biodiversidad de artr\u00f3podos argentinos<\/span><\/span>, 32\u201337<\/span>. Ediciones Sur<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Berta, Carolina<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1998<\/span>. «Contribuci\u00f3n al conocimiento del g\u00e9nero Cremnops<\/i> Foerster, 1862 (Braconidae, Agathidinae) en la regi\u00f3n Neotropical.»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Lilloana<\/span>, 44<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 231\u2013288<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe genus Cremnops<\/i> Foerster, 1862 (Braconidae, Agathidinae) in the Neotropical Region.<\/b> The genus Cremnops<\/i> Foerster together with the 22 species alrcady described for the Neotropical Region, is given. Ten of them: C. apicalipennis, C. caribensis, C. marshi, C. plesiopectoralis, C. punctatus, C. sharkei, C. tibiomaculatus, C. turrialbae, C. willinki. C. yucatanus<\/i> are new to science. The following new combinations: C. cubensis (=Agathis cubensis), C. ferrugineus (=Agathis ferrugineus), C. guanicanus (=Bracon guanicana), C. cameronii (=Agathis cameron\u00edi)<\/i> are proposed. The previously known species are redescribed and a key for al! the species is given for the first time. Drawings and distributional maps are added.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1998<\/span>. «Primer registro para la Argentina de la familia Anisembiidae (Embioptera).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Revista de la Sociedad Entomol\u00f3gica Argentina<\/span>, 57<\/span><\/span>, 1\u20135<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Carpenter, James, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, and James Farris<\/u><\/span>. 1998<\/span>. «PTP is meaningless, T-PTP is contradictory: a reply to Trueman.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 14<\/span><\/span>, 105\u2013116<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe T-PTP test for monophyly can attribute significance to entirely unsupported groups and even to both of two contradictory alternatives. The method of evaluating \u201csupport\u201d after replacing selected groups of terminals with reconstructed ancestors has similar drawbacks. The proposed placement of Onychophora among Arthropoda is unsupported by 12S data, and strongly refuted by other evidence. Attempts to justify T-PTP on Popperian grounds rest entirely on misunderstanding Popper\u2019s ideas. The PTP test assesses neither Popperian corroboration nor statistical confidence of phylogenetic conclusions. It can attribute high significance to data that support no resolved grouping. Efforts to salvage PTP by proposing new interpretations share the weakness\r\nthat none of the proposed interpretations generally holds. None of these methods seems useful in phylogenetic analysis.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1998<\/span>. «Una nueva especie de Anisembia<\/i> (Embioptera, Anisembiidae) en \u00e1mbar dominicano.»<\/strong><\/span> Revista Brasileira de Entomologia<\/span>, 42<\/span><\/span>, 7\u20138<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1997<\/span>. « Self-weighted optimization: character state reconstructions and tree searches under implied transformation costs.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 13<\/span><\/span>, 225\u2013245<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA method to assess the cost of character state transformations based on their congruence is proposed. Measuring the distortion of different transformations with a convex increasing function of the number of transformations, and choosing those reconstructions which minimize the distortion for all transformations, may provide a better optimality criterion than the linear functions implemented in currently used methods for optimization. If trees are optimized using such a measure, transformation costs are dynamically determined during reconstructions; this leads to selecting trees implying that the possible state transformations are as reliable as possible. The present method is not iterative (thus avoiding the concern of different final results for different starting points), and it has an explicit optimality criterion. It has a high computational cost; algorithms to lessen the computations required for optimizations and searches are described.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1997<\/span>. «SL<\/i>, computer program for phylogenetic analysis under self-weighted optimization.»<\/strong><\/span> http:\/\/www.lillo.org.ar\/phylogeny\/Nona-PeeWee\/Pars-win.exe<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1997<\/span>. «Two new neotropical genera of Embiidae (Embioptera, Insecta).<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of the New York Entomological Society<\/span>, 105<\/span><\/span>, 140\u2013153<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1996<\/span>. «PH.A.S.T.<\/i>: Phylogenetic Analysis for Sankovian Transformations.»<\/strong><\/span> http:\/\/www.lillo.org.ar\/phylogeny\/Nona-PeeWee\/Pars-win.exe<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1996<\/span>. «S.P.A.<\/i>, Sankoff Parsimony Analysis.»<\/strong><\/span> http:\/\/www.lillo.org.ar\/phylogeny\/Nona-PeeWee\/Pars-win.exe<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Farris, James, M. K\u00e4llersj\u00f6, V. Albert, M. Allard, A. Anderberg, B. Bowditch, C. Bult, J. Carpenter, T. Crowe, J. DeLaet, K. Fitzhugh, D. Frost, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, C. Humphries, U. Jondelius, D. Judd, P. Karis, D. Lipscomb, M. Luckow, D. Mindell, J. Muona, K. Nixon, W. Presch, O. Seberg, M. Siddall, L. Struwe, A. Tehler, J. Wenzel, Q. Wheeler, and W. Wheeler<\/u><\/span>. 1996<\/span>. «Explanation.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 11<\/span><\/span>, 211\u2013218<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1996<\/span>. «Methods for faster parsimony analysis.»<\/strong><\/span> 12<\/span><\/span>, 199\u2013220<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abSeveral algorithms to speed up branch swapping searches for most parsimonious trees are described. The method for indirect tree length calculation when moving a clipped clade, based on final states for the divided tree, is expanded to take into account polymorphic characters, and to include the possibility of rejecting several locations as\r\nsuboptimal by checking just one node. Three different algorithms for faster estimation of final state assignments for the divided tree based on calculations for the whole tree are presented. The first of these is approximate; it uses information from the final state sets for the whole tree. The second is exact, but it is slower than the first, and requires more memory; it is based on the union of the state sets of the descendants for each node. The third is also exact; it requires more memory and programming effort than the other two but it is faster, it is based on final and preliminary state sets for the whole tree (\u201cincremental twopass optimization\u201d). Efficient ways to derive state assignments for collapsing trees, based on final states for the divided tree, are described. The recently proposed method of \u201cincremental optimization\u201d is discussed. It is likely that searches using that method will be no faster than\r\nsearches using indirect calculation as originally described, and will be quite slower than the modified indirect calculation described here. Searches using that method will probably be significantly slowed down when zero-length branches are to be collapsed, since shortcuts for faster collapsing are not directly applicable.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Galiano, Mar\u00eda and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1996<\/span>. «Postembryonic development of Actinopus<\/i> cf. insignis<\/i> and Diplura paraguayensis<\/i> (Araneae, Mygalomorphae).»<\/strong><\/span> Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society<\/span>, 10<\/span><\/span>, 121\u2013126<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe postembryonic development of two mygalomorph spiders, Actinopus<\/i> cf. insignis<\/i> (Actinopodidae) and Diplura paraguayensis<\/i> (Dipluridae), is studied. The first postembryonic instar is intrachorional, covered by the embryonic cuticle with egg teeth. In both species the second instar has a strongly bent body, integumentary spicules, few hairs on\r\nthe tarsi, a pair of simple tarsal claws, and anterior and posterior spinnerets. The cheliceral fang of A.<\/i> cf. insignis<\/i> has a false pincer, while that of D. paraguayensis<\/i> has only subapical denticles. The third instar A.<\/i> cf. insignis<\/i> retains six spinnerets (all of them with spigots); the anterior lateral spinnerets are lost in later stages. Three tarsal claws are present, and the paired claws are toothed. The paired claws of third instar D. paraguayensis<\/i> have a single, sinuous row of teeth (adults have two rows); the inferior claw is toothed. The presence of six spinnerets, monoserially dentate paired claws, and pectinate inferior claws in early instars suggests that a reversal to these plesiomorphic states in a related taxon, Micromygale, could be due to neoteny and not to a de novo<\/i> origin.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1996<\/span>. «The higher classification of the order Embioptera: a cladistic analysis.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 12<\/span><\/span>, 41\u201364<\/span>. Wiley<\/span>. <\/span><\/a><\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1995<\/span>. «A revision of the South American spiders of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Part I: species from Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay.»<\/strong><\/span> Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History<\/span>, 224<\/span><\/span>, 1\u2013189<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe 58 species of Nemesiidae occurring in Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay are described, keyed, illustrated, and diagnosed. Of those 58 species, 39 are new. Acanthogonatus<\/i> comprises 27 species; Acanthogonatus segne<\/i> (Simon) is synonymized with A. franki<\/i> Karsch; A. guttulata<\/i> (Simon) is synonymized with A. subcalpeianus<\/i> (Nicolet); Thalerommata venosa<\/i> Mello-Leitao is synonymized with A. pissii<\/i> (Simon); A. notatus<\/i> (Mello-Leitao) is removed from the synonymy of A. patagonicus<\/i> (Simon); the female previously identified as A. subcalpeianus<\/i> was misidentified and belongs to a new species, A. confusus; Bolostromus incursus<\/i> (Chamberlin) is transferred from the Cyrtaucheniidae to Acanthogonatus<\/i>; 17 new species of Acanthogonatus<\/i> are described: A. tolhuaca, A. mulchen, A. chilechico, A. quilocura, A. huaquen, A. juncal, A. alegre, A. nahuelbuta, A. hualpen, A. patagallina, A. vilches, A. recinto, A. peniasco<\/i>, and A. confusus<\/i>, from Chile, and A. centralis, A. parana<\/i>, and A. birabeni<\/i>, from Argentina; the males of A . franki, A. patagonicus<\/i>, and A. subcalpeianus<\/i>, and the female of A. notatus<\/i>, are described for first time. Lycinus<\/i> Thorell (with eight species) is removed from the synonymy of Mygaloides<\/i> Nicolet, as Mygaloides<\/i> is an unidentifiable mygalomorph (perhaps a theraphosid); Lycinus epipiptus<\/i> (Zapfe) is removed from the synonymy of L. gajardoi<\/i> (Mello-Leitao); five new species of Lycinus, L. quilicura, L. domeyko, L. frayjorge, L. caldera<\/i>, and L. tofo<\/i> are described (all from Chile); L. longipes<\/i> Thorell does not occur in Chile, previous records actually corresponding to specimens of L. caldera<\/i> and L. epipiptus<\/i>; the females of L. gajardoi<\/i> and L. longipes<\/i> are described for the first time (previously described female of L. gajardoi<\/i> is actually that of L. epipiptus<\/i>). Diplothelopsis<\/i> Tullgren comprises two species, D. bonariensis<\/i> Mello-Leitao and D. ornata<\/i> Tullgren; the placement of D. hastata<\/i> Mello-Leitao in this genus is almost certainly erroneous, and the genus is exclusively Argentinian. A new genus from Chile is described, Chilelopsis<\/i>, which contains three new species: C. calderoni<\/i> (the type species), C. serena<\/i>, and C. puertoviejo. Chilelopsis<\/i> is hypothesized to be the sister group of Lycinus<\/i> + Diplothelopsis<\/i>. A new genus, Flamencopsis<\/i>, contains only the type species, F. minima<\/i> (Chile). Chaco<\/i> Tullgren comprises seven species; six new species are described: C. tucumana, C. sanjuanina, C. tecka<\/i>, and C. patagonica<\/i> from Argentina, and C. tigre<\/i> and C. socos<\/i> from Chile; the male of C. obscura<\/i> is described for first time; Hermacha leporina<\/i> Simon, from Brazil, said by Raven to belong to Chaco, is transferred to Stenoterommata<\/i>, and Neostothis<\/i> Vellard (from Brazil) is removed from the synonymy of Chaco<\/i>; as relimited, Chaco<\/i> is restricted to Chile and Argentina. Stenoterommata<\/i> is represented by seven species (other species occur in Brazil); Stenoterommata argentinensis<\/i> (Schiapelli and Gerschman) and Brachythele argentina<\/i> Simon are synonymized with S. platense<\/i> Holmberg; six new species are described: S. iguazu, S. tenuistylum, S. quena<\/i>, and S. uruguai<\/i>, from Argentina, S. crassistylum<\/i> from Argentina and Uruguay, and S. palmar<\/i> from Argentina and Brazil. Rachias<\/i> is represented by only one (new) species, R. timbo. Petropolisia<\/i> Mello-Leitao is removed from the synonymy of Pselligmus<\/i> and placed in the synonymy of Rachias<\/i>. The genus Pycnothele<\/i> is represented by two species; P. modesta<\/i> (Schiapelli and Gerschman) is removed from the synonymy of the Brazilian P. singularis<\/i> Mello-Leitao; the females of P. modesta<\/i> and P. auronitens<\/i> (Keyserling) are described for first time. Pselligmus conspersus<\/i> Walckenaer) is transferred to Rachias. Xenonemesia<\/i> Goloboff and Spelocteniza<\/i> Gertsch are transferred to the Microstigmatidae. Neodiplothele<\/i> Mello-Leitao is transferred to the Sasoninae (Barychelidae). Brachythele keithi<\/i> Chamberlin is transferred to the genus Linothele<\/i> (Dipluridae). A cladistic analysis of nemesiid relationships is provided, based on a matrix including all known species of Acanthogonatus, Chaco<\/i>, and Diplothelopsini, as well as representatives of most nominal Neotropical nemesiid genera, and several non Neotropical nemesiids and non-nemesiid bipectinates. The 84 terminals in the matrix were scored for 104 characters. The results of the analysis suggest that Nemesiidae as currently delimited is a paraphyletic group but they do not allow a redelimitation at the familial level; the subfamilies Pycnothelinae and Anaminae as delimited by Raven do not appear as monophyletic.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Colomo, Maria and Carolina Berta<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1995<\/span>. «Fluctuaci\u00f3n de la poblaci\u00f3n de Scrobipalpula absoluta<\/i> (Meyr. (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) en plantaciones de tomate en el departamento Lules, Tucum\u00e1n.»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Lilloana <\/span>, 43<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 165\u2013177<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1995<\/span>. «Parsimony and weighting: a reply to Turner and Zandee.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 11<\/span><\/span>, 91\u2013104<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1994<\/span>. «Linothele cavicola<\/i>, a new diplurine spider (Araneae, Dipluridae) from caves in Ecuador.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Arachnology<\/span>, 22<\/span><\/span>, 70\u201372<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA new species of Dipluridae, Linothele cavicola<\/i>, is described (from the female only) from caves in Ecuador.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1994<\/span>. «Oligembia vetusta<\/i>, a new fossil Teratembiid (Embioptera) from Dominican amber.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of the New York Entomological Society<\/span>, 102<\/span><\/span>, 67\u201373<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1994<\/span>. «Character optimization and calculation of tree lengths.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 9<\/span><\/span>, 433\u2013436<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1994<\/span>. «Migoidea de Chile, nuevas o poco conocidas (Araneae, Mygalomorphae).»<\/strong><\/span> Revista de la Sociedad Entomol\u00f3gica Argentina<\/span>, 53<\/span><\/span>, 65\u201374<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA new species, Plesiolena jorgelina<\/i>, from Chile (IV Regi\u00f3n, Parque Nacional Fray Jorge) is described based on females. The female of Plesiolena bonneti<\/i> (Zapfe) is described and illustrated for the first time; the female\r\npreviously assigned to this species actually belongs to a different species, tentatively placed in the genus Missulena<\/i> and named M. tussulena<\/i> sp. n. Missulena tussulena<\/i> is the only species of Missulena<\/i> described from South America. The first female synapomorphy (spermathecae with long ducts) for the genus Missulena<\/i> is proposed. The male of Calathotarsus pihuychen<\/i> Goloboff is described for the first time.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1994<\/span>. «Sobre la presencia del orden Embioptera en Nicaragua.»<\/strong><\/span> Revista Nicarag\u00fcense de Entomolog\u00eda<\/span>, 29<\/span><\/span>, 21\u201323<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1993<\/span>. «Nona<\/i>, a program for parsimony analysis.»<\/strong><\/span> http:\/\/www.lillo.org.ar\/phylogeny\/Nona-PeeWee\/Pars-win.exe<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1993<\/span>. «Piwe<\/i>: Parsimony under Implied Weights.»<\/strong><\/span> http:\/\/www.lillo.org.ar\/phylogeny\/Nona-PeeWee\/Pars-win.exe<\/a><\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1993<\/span>. «A reanalysis of Mygalomorph spider families.»<\/strong><\/span> American Museum Novitates<\/span>, 3056<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201332<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe higher classification of the mygalomorph spiders is reviewed. A data set of 42 taxa and 71 characters is analyzed, applying a new method for character weighting. Most families were represented by two or more genera, so that their monophyly could be tested. The trees that best conform to the data have Atypidae plus Antrodiaetidae, Mecicobothriidae, Hexathelidae, non-diplurine \"diplurids\", and diplurines as successive sister groups of Rastelloidina plus Crassitarsae. Neither Fomicephalae nor Tuberculotae appear as monophyletic groups. The groups Atypoidea (restricted to Atypidae plus Antrodietidae) and Avicularioidea (the rest of the Mygalomorphae) are resurrected. The groups Orthopalpae and Quadrithelina should be relimited to include the Microstigmatidae and Rastelloidina. The group Crassitarsae should include also the Microstigmatidae. The group formed by the Diplurinae and Rastelloidina plus Crassitarsae is called Bipectina. Three of the currently recognized families appear as paraphyletic: Cyrtaucheniidae (in terms of Domiothelina), Nemesiidae (in terms of Microstigmatidae and Theraphosidae plus Paratropididae plus Barychelidae), and Dipluridae (in terms of Crassitarsae plus Rastelloidina). Support for the monophyly of Hexathelidae is weak; the data are explained almost as well by trees in which the family is paraphyletic.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1993<\/span>. «Estimating character weights during tree search.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 9<\/span><\/span>, 83\u201391<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1992<\/span>. «New spiders of the Mygalomorph genus Neocteniza<\/i> (Araneae, Mygalomorphae).»<\/strong><\/span> American Museum Novitates<\/span>, 3054<\/span><\/span>, 1\u20139<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abMales of Neocteniza pococki<\/i> Platnick and Shadab and N. toba<\/i> Goloboff are described for the first\r\ntime. Two new species, N. chancani<\/i> from Argentina (male) and N. coylei<\/i> from Peru (female), are\r\ndescribed. New distributional records are provided for N. australis<\/i>Goloboff and N. minima<\/i> Goloboff.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Coyle, Frederick, Pablo Goloboff<\/a>, and Robert Samson<\/u><\/span>. 1991<\/span>. «Actinopus<\/i> trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Actinopodidae) killed by the fungus, Nomuraea atypicola<\/i> (Deuteromycotina).»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Fennica<\/span>, 190<\/span><\/span>, 89\u201393<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1991<\/span>. «A new species of Calathotarsus<\/i> (Araneae: Migidae) from Chile.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of the New York Entomological Society<\/span>, 99<\/span><\/span>, 267\u2013273<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abCalathotarsus pihuychen<\/i>, a new species from San Antonio Province, Regi\u00f3n de Valpara\u00edso (V), Chile, is described and illustrated. Its burrows are described and compared with the burrows of other Chilean Migoidea.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Mart\u00edn Ram\u00edrez<\/u><\/span>. 1991<\/span>. «A new species of Drymusa<\/i> (Araneae, Scytodoidea) from Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of the New York Entomological Society<\/span>, 99<\/span><\/span>, 691\u2013695<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abDrymusa serrana<\/i>, a new species from Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), is described and figured. It represents the first species of Drymusa<\/i> described for South America.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1991<\/span>. «Homoplasy and the choice among cladograms.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 7<\/span><\/span>, 215\u2013232<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abCladistic data are more decisive when the possible trees differ more in tree length. When all the possible dichotomous trees have the same length, no one tree is better supported than the others, and the data are completely undecisive<\/i>. From a rule for recursively generating undecisive matrices for different numbers of taxa, formulas to calculate consistency, rescaled consistency and retention indices in undecisive matrices are derived. The least decisive matrices are not the matrices with the lowest possible consistency, rescaled consistency or retention indices (on the most parsimonious trees); those statistics do not directly vary with decisiveness. Decisiveness can be measured with a newly proposed statistic, DD=S??S<\/i>)\/(S??S<\/i>) (where S<\/i> = length of the most parsimonious cladogram, S?<\/i> = mean length of all the possible cladograms for the data set and M<\/i> = observed variation). For any data set, S?<\/i> can be calculated exactly with simple formulas; it depends on the types of characters present, and not on their congruence. Despite some recent assertions to the contrary, the consistency index is an appropriate measure of homoplasy (= deviation from hierarchy). The retention index seems more appropriate for comparing the fit of different trees for the same data set.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Berta, Carolina<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1991<\/span>. «Presencia de Dineulophus phthorimaeae<\/i> De Santis (Hym. : Eulophidae) en Tucum\u00e1n, ectopar\u00e1sito de larvas de Scrobipalpula absoluta<\/i> (Meyr.) (Lepidopaera, Gelechiidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Revista de la Sociedad Entomol\u00f3gica Argentina <\/span>, 49<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 156<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1991<\/span>. «Random data, homoplasy, and information.»<\/strong><\/span> Cladistics<\/span>, 7<\/span><\/span>, 395\u2013406<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Szumik, Claudia<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1991<\/span>. «Two new species of Teratembiidae (Embiidina) from Argentina.<\/a>»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of the New York Entomological Society<\/span>, 99<\/span><\/span>, 611\u2013621<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Arturo Roig-Alsina<\/u><\/span>. 1989<\/span>. «Neocteniza australis<\/i> Goloboff (Araneae, Idiopidae) presa de Aporus minusculus<\/i> (Bradley) (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae).»<\/strong><\/span> Revista de la Sociedad Entomol\u00f3gica Argentina<\/span>, 45<\/span><\/span>, 196<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1989<\/span>. «Una nueva especie de Dipluridae (Araneae): Chilehexops misionensis<\/i>.»<\/strong><\/span> Revista de la Sociedad Entomol\u00f3gica Argentina<\/span>, 45<\/span><\/span>, 77\u201383<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00ab(no abstract)\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1988<\/span>. «Xenonemesia<\/i>, un nuevo g\u00e9nero de Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Arachnology<\/span>, 16<\/span><\/span>, 357\u2013363<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abXenonemesia platense<\/i>, a new genus and species of nemesiid spider from Argentina and Uruguay, is described and figured. The new genus is characterized by having a wide sternum, slightly raised tarsal organ, slight scopula, apical article of posterior spinnerets domed, and by the absence of serrula, male tibial apophyses, keels on the bulb, and third claw.\r\n\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a> and Norman Platnick<\/u><\/span>. 1987<\/span>. «A review of the Chilean Spiders of the superfamily Migoidea (Araneae, Mygalomorphae).»<\/strong><\/span> American Museum Novitates<\/span>, 2888<\/span><\/span>, 1\u201315<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe spider superfamily Migoidea is represented\r\nin Chile by four species and genera. Three belong\r\nto the family Migidae: Migas vellardi Zapfe (the\r\nfemale of which is described for the first time, and\r\nwhich remains of uncertain placement within the\r\nsubfamily Miginae), the new genus and species\r\nMallecomigas schlingeri (assigned, for the time\r\nbeing, to the probably paraphyletic subfamily Cal\r\nathotarsinae, although it may prove to represent\r\nthe sister group of all other migids), and Calatho\r\ntarsus coronatus Simon (the male of which is de\r\nscribed for the first time). The fourth species be\r\nlongs to the family Actinopodidae and the new\r\ngenus Plesiolena, based on Missulena bonneti\r\n(Zapfe), the female of which is described for the\r\nfirst time; Plesiolena is hypothesized to be more\r\nclosely related to the Australian genus Missulena\r\nthan to the tropical American genus Actinopus.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Berta, Carolina<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1987<\/span>. «Dos nuevas especies de Cremnops<\/i> F. (Hym., Braconidae, Agathidinae) de Argentina y Bolivia.»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Lilloana<\/span>, 39<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 13\u201316<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1987<\/span>. «El g\u00e9nero Neocteniza<\/i> Pocock, 1895 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Idiopidae) en la Argentina y Paraguay.»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of Arachnology<\/span>, 15<\/span><\/span>, 29\u201350<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abFive new species of Neocteniza<\/i> are described: N. spinosa, N. minima, N. toba<\/i> and N. australis<\/i> from Argentina, and N. platnicki<\/i> from Paraguay . N. toba<\/i> and N. australis<\/i> together are proposed as the sister group of all other species of Neocteniza<\/i>. Some biological data of these trapdoor spiders are given.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Berta, Carolina<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1987<\/span>. «El g\u00e9nero Zacremnops<\/i> Sharkey y Wharton (Hym. Braconidae, Agathidinae) en Argentina y Bolivia.»<\/strong><\/span> Acta Zoologica Lilloana <\/span>, 39<\/span>, 1<\/span><\/span>, 89\u201393<\/span>. <\/div>

<\/p>

Platnick, Norman and Pablo Goloboff<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1985<\/span>. «On the monophyly of the spider suborder Mesothelae (Arachnida: Araneae).»<\/strong><\/span> Journal of the New York Entomological Society<\/span>, 93<\/span><\/span>, 1265\u20131270<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abA newly observed character, apparently unique to liphistiid spiders, supports a hypothesis of their monophyly. Flattened spurs situated distally on the prolateral and retrolateral sides of tibiae I\u2013III can contact slightly raised, oval, unsclerotized areas situated proximally on the sides of metatarsi I\u2013III. The character is found in juvenile and adult females and in juvenile males, and may function as a proprioceptor of lateral leg deflection.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1982<\/span>. «Descripci\u00f3n de la hembra de Achetopus paraguayensis<\/i> (Gerschman y Schiapelli, 940) (Araneae, Dipluridae).»<\/strong><\/span> Physis, Secc. C<\/span>, 41<\/span><\/span>, 103\u2013105<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe female of this species is described, and mentioned for Argentina for the first time. Some ecological data are added. Female genital ia of the genus Achetopus<\/i> Tullgren, 1905 was unknown up to now.\u00bb<\/div>

<\/p>

Goloboff, Pablo<\/a><\/u><\/span>. 1982<\/span>. «Nota sobre algunas Ctenizidae (Araneae) de la Argentina.»<\/strong><\/span> Physis, Secc. C<\/span>, 40<\/span><\/span>, 75\u201379<\/span>. <\/div>
\u00abThe observations made suggest that: 1) Probably Chaco obscura<\/i> should be transferred to Pycnothelidae. 2) Idiops rohdei<\/i> has been erroneously cited for Argentina; this specimen is Idiops hirsutipedis<\/i>, the distribution of which is enlarged. 3) Idiops cJarus<\/i> is mentioned for the first time for Argentina. 4) The spermathecae of Pselligmus argentinensis<\/i> are newly illustrated, and it is suggested the possibility of the synonymy of this species with Stenoterommata platense<\/i>, which, together with S. gounellei<\/i>, are herein declared species inquirendae<\/i>. 5) Probably S. segne<\/i> should be excluded from the genus.\u00bb<\/div>
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