Los hongos alucinógenos (Psilocybe, Hymenogastraceae) en el desarrollo evolutivo de la consciencia del hombre

Jehoshua Macedo-Bedoya; Fatima  Calvo-Bellido

doi:10.30550/j.lil/1889

Authors

Jehoshua Macedo-Bedoya Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Análisis de Datos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7958-5318
Fatima Calvo-Bellido Laboratorio de Bioanalítica, Grupo Ciencias Ecosistémicas, Instituto de la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE-PUCP) https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3459-9432

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30550/j.lil/1889

Keywords:

Adaptations, evolution, hominids, psilocybin, secondary metabolites

Abstract

This literature review explores the role of hallucinogenic fungi, specifically the Psilocybe genus of the Hymenogastraceae family, in the evolutionary development of human consciousness. Through a multidisciplinary approach spanning biology, ethnobotany, and neuroscience, the influence of compounds such as psilocybin and psilocin on consumers is examined, revealing their potential to trigger significant neurological and psychological effects. The impact on human consciousness is explored, highlighting perceptual, cognitive, and emotional changes. The evolutionary and anthropological development of humans is analyzed, investigating how the availability of food, the use of psilocybin, and physiological adaptations may have influenced reproductive success and survival over time.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Acevedo Garrido, E. A. y Inostroza Miranda, B. M. (2021). Uso de psicodélicos clásicos y su implicancia en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Talca (Chile). Escuela de Tecnología Médica).

Acosta, C. A. (2009). Variedades de vegetales y de hongos existentes en la República Argentina y poseedoras de principios psicoactivos (Tesis de Maestría), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.

Acosta Herrera, D. A. (2020). Psilocibina como tratamiento para el trastorno de depresión mayor (Tesis de fin de grado), Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.

Aghajanian, G. y Marek, G. (1999). Serotonin and Hallucinogens. Neuropsychopharmacology 21: 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00135-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1395318

Akers, B. P., Ruíz, J. F., Piper, A. y Ruck, C. A. P. (2011). A prehistoric mural in Spain depicting neurotropic Psilocybe mushrooms?. Economic Botany 65 (2): 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12231-011-9152-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-011-9152-5

Bradshaw, A. J., Ramírez-Cruz, V., Awan, A. R., Furci, G., Guzmán-Dávalos, L. y Dentinger, B. T. (2024). Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121 (3): e2311245121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2311245121

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., Tyacke, R. J., Leech, R., Malizia, A. L., Murphy, K., Hobden, P., Evans, J., Feilding, A., Wise, R. G. y Nutt, D. J. (2012). Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 2138-2143. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109

Carod-Artal, F. J. (2003). Síndromes neurológicos asociados con el consumo de plantas y hongos con componente tóxico (II). Hongos y plantas alucinógenos, micotoxinas y hierbas medicinales. Revista de Neurología 36 (10): 951-960. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3610.2003019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3610.2003019

Carod-Artal, F. J. (2015). Alucinógenos en las culturas precolombinas mesoamericanas. Neurología 30 (1): 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003

Dawood Hristova, J. J. y Pérez-Jover, V. (2023). Psychotherapy with Psilocybin for Depression: Systematic Review. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) 13 (4): 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040297

Dobkin de Rios, M. (1990). Hallucinogens: crosscultural perspectives. Bridport [England] : Lindfield, N.S.W.: Prism Press, Unity Press.

Espinosa, I. F. (2013). Reducción de riesgos en el consumo de setas alucinógenas. De riesgos y placeres: manual para entender las drogas (p. 341). Milenio.

Estebas-Armas, C. (2020). Revisión farmacológica y potencial uso clínico (Tesis de fin de grado), Universidad de Zaragoza, España.

Fischer, R., Hill, R., Thatcher, K. y Scheib, J. (1970). Psilocybin-induced contraction of nearby visual space. Agents and actions 1: 190-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01965761

Gartz, J. (1996). Magic mushrooms around the world. A scientific journey across cultures and time. LIS publs. Los Angeles.

Gotvaldová, K., Borovi?ka, J., Hájková, K., Cihlá?ová, P., Rockefeller, A. y Kucha?, M. (2022). Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (22): 14068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214068

Guzmán G. (2008). Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: An overview. Economic Botany 62: 404-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8

Guzmán, G. (2012). New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain. Acta Botánica Mexicana 100 (100): 79-106. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm100.2012.32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21829/abm100.2012.32

Hancock, G. (2007). Supernatural: meetings with the ancient teachers of mankind. Nueva York: Disinformation.

Hebbard, F. W. y Fischer, R. (1966). Effect of Psilocybin, LSD and mescaline on small, involuntary eye movements. Psychopharmacology 9: 146-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00404719

Herrera, T. (2007). Los hongos en la cultura mexicana: bebidas y alimentos tradicionales fermentados, hongos alucinógenos. Etnobiología 5 (1): 108-116.

Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2005). Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity. The Pharmacogenomics Journal 5 (1): 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500285

Johns, T. (1990). With Bitter Herbs They Shall Eat It: Chemical Ecology and the Origins of Human Diet and Medicine. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.

Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A. y Griffiths, R. R. (2016). Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse 43 (1): 55-60. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2016.1170135

Kennerley, S., Walton, M., Behrens, T., Buckley, M. y Rushworth, M. (2006). Optimal Decision Making and the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Nature Neuroscience 9 (7): 940-947. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1724

Kraehenmann, R., Preller, K. H., Scheidegger, M., Pokorny, T., Bosch, O. G., Seifritz, E. y Vollenweider, F. X. (2015). Psilocybin-Induced Decrease in Amygdala Reactivity Correlates with Enhanced Positive Mood in Healthy Volunteers. Biological Psychiatry Journal 78 (8): 572-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.010

Laussman, T. y Meier-Giebing, S. (2010). Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulisForsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography. Forensic Science International 195 (1-3): 160-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013

Lewis-Williams, D. (2002). The mind in the cave: consciousness and the origins of art. Thames & Hudson.

Lowe, H., Toyang, N., Steele, B., Valentine, H., Grant, J., Ali, A., Ngwa, W. y Gordon, L. (2021). The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 26 (10): 2948. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102948

Lyons, A. (2022). Self-administration of Psilocybin in the Setting of Treatment-resistant Depression. Innovations in clinical neuroscience 19 (7-9): 44-47.

Lorenzo Chapatte, G. (2021). Potencial de los psicodélicos como nuevos fármacos antidepresivos. Trabajo para obtener el grado en Medicina. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria.

McKenna, T. (1992). El manjar de los dioses. Barcelona: Paidós.

Metzner, R. (2004). Teonanacatl: sacred mushroom of visions. Four Tree Press.

Moreno, J. A. C. (2016). Los hongos: héroes y villanos de la prosperidad humana. Revista Digital Universitaria 17 (9). Recuperado de http://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.17/num9/art69/index.html

Pastrana, E. A. (2016). Paquimé: orígenes, entorno y el éxtasis chamánico en la cerámica en J. Ordoñez Burgos (Ed.), Éranos, Investigaciones de Filosofía en el Norte de México (1º ed., pp. 15-38). Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad de Juárez.

Petri, G., Expert, P., Turkheimer, F., Carhart-Harris, R., Nutt, D., Hellyer, P. J. y Vaccarino, F. (2014). Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11 (101): 20140873. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0873

Rodríguez-Molina, J. (2021). Evaluación de memoria espacial y percepción temporal en jóvenes y mayores, y la relación de estas capacidades cognitivas para la memoria episódica (Trabajo de fin de grado), Universidad de Almería, España.

Rodríguez Arce, J. M. y Winkelman, M. J. (2021). Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution. Frontiers in Psychology 12: 729425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425

Ruan-Soto, F., Cifuentes, J., Mariaca, R., Limón, F., Pérez-Ramírez, L. y Sierra, S. (2009). Uso y manejo de hongos silvestres en dos comunidades. Revista Mexicana de Micología 29: 61-72.

Sáez, J. A. L. (2018). Los alucinógenos. Los Libros De La Catarata.

Schultes, R. E. y Hofmann, A. (1982). Plantas de los dioses: orígenes del uso de los alucinógenos. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Smausz, R., Neill, J. y Gigg, J. (2022). Neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin's therapeutic potential - the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology. Journal of psychopharmacology 36 (7): 781-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221092508 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221092508

Sullivan, R. J., Hagen, E. H. y Hammerstein, P. (2008). Revealing the paradox of drug reward in human evolution. Proceedings Biological Sciences 275 (1640): 1231-1241. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1673

Swanson, L. (2018). Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects. Frontiers in Pharmacology 9: 172. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00172

van Ginneken, V., van Meerveld, A., Wijgerde, T., Verheij, E., de Vries, E. y van der Greef, J. (2017). Hunter-prey correlation between migration routes of African buffaloes and early hominids: evidence for the “Out of Africa” hypothesis. Integrative Molecular Medicine 4: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15761/imm.1000287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15761/IMM.1000287

Vázquez, F. J. L. (2023). Alcaloides en la cultura: plantas y hongos alucinógenos mexicanos. Revista Digital Universitaria 24 (2). https://doi.org/10.22201/cuaieed.16076079e.2023.24.4.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/cuaieed.16076079e.2023.24.4.6

Wink, M. (1998) Chemical ecology of alkaloids. In: Roberts, M. F. & Wink, M., eds. Alkaloids: Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Applications, pp. 265–300. New York: Plenum Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2905-4_11

Winkelman, M. (2019). Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3 (2): 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024

Wittmann, M., Carter, O., Hasler, F., Cahn, B. R., Grimberg, U., Spring, P., Hell, D., Flohr, H. y Vollenweider, F. X. (2007). Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology 21 (1): 50-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065859